Formal assessment & Austin (1991) Essay Example for Free

Formal judgment Austin (1991) EssayFormal sagacity has been described by Austin (1991) as a process of gathering information and utilization of that that information for individual and institutional improvement (p. 2). The information gathered whitethorn include the scholarly persons weakness and strengths in certain looses aras. Emphasis in formal sound judgments is focused on the results of a regulationized evaluation tests that are administered under strict and regulated environments. However, that information is in truth important for schoolchild since they are capable to know how well they are progressing and steps to undertake to deal with their weaknesses. sagacity forms an important component of t distributivelying and leaning that has a greater impact on student larn (Saliu 271). Saliu goes on to demonstrate that assessment should be able to measure the criterion for which it was intended while maintaining organic structure at the same time (271). This pa per will discuss major(ip) components of formal learning which include reasons for assessing and administering tests to students, relevant formal assessments that may be administered, advant sequences and disadvantages of each bad-tempered assessment.I will however, put forward some recommendations on what the teacher and institution needs to pay attention to in order to carry through the objectives of formal assessment. Reasons for assessing and administering interrogation to students The main reason for administering assessment is to monitor the students progress in learning as compared to former(a) students of the same age or level (Wilson and Scalise 11). Assessments results are useful in screening and making decision on the level of qualifications to base career growth activities.The results are very(prenominal) useful to the curriculum growers and syllabus preparation by both governments and institutions (Council of Europe 6). Results provide a good guide for program o r syllabus evaluation since it presents the information in form of scores. The results obtained are used by local and federal departments in policy formulation and implementation. Formal assessment should be viewed as a tool that can be used to measure the level at which students receives information from the teacher rather than just giving of grades 1 to 5 (Saliu 272).Moreover, formal test can give valuable information regarding a student progress in mastering the subject content of a situation word form at certain levels of study. The results offers a good insight to the teacher when organizing the materials and content for students to lean at comfortable pace further achieving at their out distich level possible (Saliu 272). Clearly delimited results are very useful in facilitating students to focus their time and energy towards self improvement . The information obtained from measuring stick test is very useful in deciding a students career interests and future goals.The a ssessment report should be able to consider a students goals and give a clear indication on which areas need help. Motivation is an affective factor in formal assessment which propels the teacher to be devoted towards helping students to learn (Wiggins 38). The teacher gets encouraged after seen students pass well in the subject or course precondition to students by that teacher (Fitzpatrick and Michael 101). Students get to care about their learning and seek to improve on their weaker areas after the results are released.When a teacher is encouraging and appears to be responsive to students feeling, students respond by becoming very constructive and enthusiastic towards achieving higher scores (Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot 4). The information obtained from formal assessments may guide the teacher to group the students in a way that they can help each other hence creating a class relationship that supports learning process. There is a sense of self acceptance created by students a dmitting difficulties.This forms a healthy atmosphere for learning from peers (Saliu 273). Grading in formal assessments provide documented information of what a particular student learnt which is useful in job application and academic advancement admissions (Saliu 273). Despite being crucial widely app craftd by exclusively leaning institutions, grading has several shortcomings which have been put forward by critics. An example of critics includes Wilson and Scalise (2006) held a view that grading does non have a match with the lather students put in answering examination questions.The ultimate grading does not allow the feedback by the students since it denies them the opportunity to review their work after a formal examination. Moreover, students do not get useful comments upon which they can build future progress on their work- those comments are destroyed with their poor grades (Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot 6). When feedbacks in the end are given by the examiners it is eith er very shallow for instant a single line comment or so late since students may have moved to another grade.Evaluation of the learners effect has been difficult for instance marking open-ended questions in standard exam text file (Wilson and Scalise 11). Since individual needs of students cannot be met fully by teachers, limited opportunities for the learners growth to realize quality results dominate. To make it worse, inability of all pupils to affirm good hand written work hence true reflection in scores limit the learners capacity to acquire more knowledge and to develop deeper understanding of the subject have-to doe with.These make it difficult for the pupils to be plausibly and effectively answer or tackle examination questions (Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot 8). No effective execute can be done by students who might be interested in enhancing their academic death penalty (Wilson and Scalise 11). Grading in formal assessment has failed to immaculately give students stren gth and weakness to the teacher since it does not give adequate time. Nevertheless, it is not flexible both in terms of content to be time-tested and level of ability of each student (Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot 12).If we consider a grade of 2 in philosophy of education course awarded, it will but say that a student learned a great deal of the information but it will no show what content was or was not know (Wilson and Scalise 12) Teachers form the majority of assessors of students learning for formal assessments. Students can also test their work and test that of their peers and provide an immediate feedback for improvement. The test can be administered by other external examiners such as Standard Aptitude Tests (SAT) (Council of Europe 8).Assessment may be administered at any time of student leaning but it has to be regulated if its purpose is to achieve a defined influence standard. The nature of an assessment is setd by the type of age group of students and upon the need for assessing. The content of what to asses should entirely be guided by the desired end results and the application of those results (Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot 5). Pros and cons of deferent forms formal assessment Formal assessment may take different dimensions according to where it is administered and the target group.Tests may be in form of standard set examinations which are mainly norm-referenced. Formal assessment may also include examinations designed locally by a faculty to offer an objective or subjective assessment (Council of Europe 9). govern exams are administered to a specific group which is entirely structured in a multiple-choice question (objective) or descriptive questions (subjective) in one subject area. The results are compared with a set standard (reference). It is applied to students in a given program, course or a level.The main advantage of standard set examination is that it can be adopted view quickly and its implementation is quite easy. It reduces th e faculty time requirements in tools design, victimization and grading (Council of Europe 9). Norm-referenced assessment gives objective scores which provides for generalizations of the results with other student in other places or times. It provides a reference group that is required by the faculty or the testing body. Another benefit of standard test is its application by state or national standards exist for a given discipline or avocation such as accountancy, medicine among others (Saliu 273).May be beneficial or required in instances where state or national standards exist for the discipline or profession. It can be applied in comparing the levels of knowledge across several institutions (Astin 3). There are several shortcomings that are associated with this form of assessment. One of the major disadvantages of standard tests according to Wilson and Scalise is that, it has a limit of what it can measure in during testing time (636). It is a culprit of the elimination of the p roper process of learning by not reflecting what a student has actually learnt in a given program or course.It may not be able to in all rate a particular objective of an entire course (Council of Europe 9). Since most standardized tests are done at the end of a course or program, they fail to provide relevant feedback to both the teacher and the student which would otherwise be used to motivate the student learning. The tests can neither determine a students progress on a daily al-Qaeda nor the achievements in varying periods (Hart 17). They cannot also effectively evaluate the knowledge of a specific course content area which keeps on changing such as social sciences.Another demerit of standardized achievement tests arises due to the judicial system of multiple-choice tests which pose a grater potential error of guessing the correct answer. (Saliu 243). It only provides a summary evaluation of few parts of whole course. The outcomes may not have direct deductions for course im provement or that of an individual students advancement. The results are highly liable to misinterpretation by the teacher or other interested parties such as admitting institutions and employers. Since majority of these tests are commercialized someone (student or program) have to pay to obtain them.When pressure is so much pressed on the passing the tests, the teacher may be forced to teach to the test and not the development of the student skills (Council of Europe 9). A single test is not perfect in providing enough information that ensures a complete assessment. Different tests on a particular subject at deferent times provide almost different information on a student. Locally developed exams can be beneficial since its content and expressive style is inclined to specific objectives and students features of the course or program (Wiggins 37). It can establish specified criteria for measuring accomplishment associated with to curriculum.It can be useful in the development of r elevant process of learning of particular group of students. A more localized grading system by faculty can provided a active feedback mechanism for teaching betterment. The teacher will have a greater control over the analysis and use of the results in improving students leaning processes and course materials (Wiggins 38). However, locally developed tests require a substantial coordination more so throughout the phases of design and development (Fitzpatrick and Michael 101). It may not provide a basis for cross-institutional comparisons for students in same level of study.These particular tests are time consuming on side of the teacher since they require a lot of attention and effort in designing and administering. In order to provide validity and reliability in these tests an expert may be required expertise in accurate measurement (Council of Europe 11). It may not provide the element associated with the external comparison in relation to other institutions offering similar cour se or program. Performance appraisals are another form of formal assessments that can be administered to measure competency of acquired skills in a real world situation (Burke 29).They are set standards that seek to evaluate students in a specific class or level (Hart 74). They are credited to providing a relatively direct measure of what has been learned rather than taught in a program or course (Ryan 290). They are mostly preferred to other methods of measuring since they are able to evaluate the application skills learnt in specific settings. They are in tandem with aims of professional training programs and fields which have well specified skill development programs (Ryan 290).Nevertheless, performance appraisals have their share of limitations which include high costs associated with effort and time consumption. Their grading are mostly more subjective than other formal assessments (Fitzpatrick and Michael 118). The experiment of performance appraised might not as well be the typical of the student since it might have been triggered by the presence of appraiser. An expertness test forms yet another important form of formal assessment. An aptitude test has the advantage of measuring the level of knowledge that a student already possess onwards entering a grade level or a program (Fitzpatrick and Michael 118).This provides the teacher with prior information on the likelihood of a students degree of performance and success in the class. It will determine the information which a student already has compared to set norms. This will further illustrate the level of learning for a particular student which comes in handy when designing individualized commissions (Fitzpatrick and Michael 118). The teacher will have no difficulties in giving advanced instruction for those students that are gifted while at the same time giving a remedial assistance to those who need help.Since modern education is taking learner-centered approach, results of aptitude test provide relevant information that can teachers use to group students for effective cognitive learning. The results are applied in determining when a student develops a learning disability (Council of Europe 12). Aptitude tests face some challenges and limitations that are usual to test. They are limited to measuring students capacity to learn reinvigorated projects and accomplishments. The results do not reflect on the skills or knowledge that students have had no previous training (Fitzpatrick and Michael 118).Since information obtained from an aptitude test gives skills and knowledge students had already acquired in past, it fails to guide the teacher on the application of future instruction. Teacher involvement in formal assessment Recommendations for reducing the shortcoming of formal assessments lie heavily on the teacher and the entire institution involvement in setting exam questions and administration of the examinations. The teacher should choose a test very carefully that will ma tch with the requirements of a course or a program (Council of Europe 28).The teacher should review information on previous sampling of performances to ensure the tests reliability and validity from test publishers. The faculty should engage experts to review the previous summary reports of similar exam results in creating a more updated report for the faculty (Fitzpatrick and Michael 118). The teacher is not supposed to teach to exam otherwise the results would be compromised. The instructor or teacher should be involved in grading systems that focus more emphasis on the feed forward.The institutions should make sure that standardized tests are marked and the papers that can be returned are done in time increase the feedback flow. The grading system should be focused on the offering a true picture of what has been mastered and what has not fully mastered. There should be model answers drawn from others student solutions to provide those who have failed with a way of what was expect ed of them (Saliu 274). A syndicate with other institutions which have similar objectives in testing can be formed to reduce the costs of developing instruments and to provide an element of externality.The exams department should incorporate distant experts to provide relevant input for development and grading system (Fitzpatrick and Michael 118). In order to reduce the shortcomings associated with performance appraisals training for appraisers should be provided so that they are able to stick to specified criteria (Wiggins 38). It is imperative to alter criteria till acceptable consistency of measurement is reached for testing in multiple situations. Since the result of performance appraisal cannot be used alone to grade a student, Ryan (1994) suggested that results should be cross-validated with other measures of performance (290).Formal assessment includes undertaking fixed, regulated and standardized tests. Grading forms a major part of measurement for mastery of content. Altho ugh grading in standard tests is a norm accepted everywhere, it its shortcomings. There are several reasons for formal assessment and standard testing which include monitoring students progress, comparing the results with peer it also provides a measure of level of student knowledge. When the assessment is done appropriately, it can be a source of both the student and teacher motivation. It can create trust among the students and teacher.The component of grading has been an issue of hated debate due to its inadequacy to wrap up all areas of students learning. Grades are issued but they cannot be rectified since the doors are closed immediately after results are released. Standard tests, locally developed tests, aptitude tests and performance appraisal are major shapes taken by formal assessment. Although formal assessment provides a standard measure for evaluation of learning among students of a particular cohort or group, it fails to give comprehensive ability of a student. Works Cited Astin, Alexander W.Assessment for Excellence The Philosophy and Practice of Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education. Portsmouth Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991. Burke, Kay, ed. Authentic Assessment A Collection. Illinois Skylight Training and Publishing, Inc. , 1992. Council of Europe. Common European Framework of Reference fo Languages Learning Teaching, Assesment. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. , 2001. Fitzpatrick, Jody L. and Morris Michael. Current and emerge Ethical Challenges in Evaluation. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass, 1999. Hart, Diane. Authentic Assessment A Handbook for Educators.. New York Addison-Wesley, 1994. Ryan, Alan G. Towards Authentic Assessment in Science via STS. Bulletin of Science, Technology corporation (1994) 290. Saliu, Sokol. Constrained Subjective Assessment of Student Learning. Journal of Science Education and Technology (2005) 271-284. Weeden, Paul, Jan Winter and Patricia Broadfoot. Assessment. New York Routledge, 2002. Wiggin s, Grant. The Case for Authentic Assessment. ERIC Digest (1990). Wilson, Mark and Kathleen Scalise. Assessment to Improve Learning in Higher Education The BEAR Assessment System. Higher Education (2006) 635-663.

Thought Experiment Essay Example for Free

Thought Experiment EssayThe fear of devastation is natural for on the whole human beings regardless of backwash or culture and perhaps the only thing that separates the fear among different cultures are the vast array of concepts and views pertaining to it. After the concept of a higher being, wipeout is perhaps the second most philosophically debated topic and rightly so, because as the text supplied to us said we can and must postulate, as reasonably as possible, what our end has in store for us. Historically speaking, the fear of death itself has been a hotly debated topic and has crimson been used for ulterior motives such as the causa of the Catholic Church and their concept of plenary indulgence. In more recent times the fear of death has even been used as an incentive, fundamentalist Muslims fall in turned the fear into something that should be incurd and coupled with the promise of seventy-seven virgins in the afterlife, has itself been used to persuade impressio nable battalion into wearing vest bombs. Fear is therefore a great motivator and yes, few things can compete with the fear of death but I beg to differ about it and Ill even go so far as to say that non only should you not fear death but you should in all sense of the word, welcome that fear and turn it into something positive. Following the arguments from the texts given to us, the first thing we should consider is the question of whether it is rational to fear death. Of course, death being unable to exist at the same time and place as you can therefore not harm you and should not be feared. The fear of death is irrational in all respects according to this argument and rightly so. Unfortunately, there are such things as irrational fears and I suspect that the fear of death has enough order of magnitude to trump rationality at least most of the time. It is a given fact that we do indeed fear death regardless of whether it is rational or irrational to do so. In that regard, what ot her choices are there? Death being a fact of life means that we can do postcode else about it but to simply take for granted it. We can of course at this point minimize the fear of death by proving that it is not death itself that should be feared but rather a life unlived. The badness of death can actually depend on what would have happened to a person if that persons death had not taken place. Suppose then that some very old and unhappy person dies and considering that further life would inevitably only run short to more pain for this person, then dying is not so bad for him (Feldman 140). Some may even see death for this person as a blessing and arguably, this is where one should start caseing as death as more than something to fear but as something that could be a motivation. Death should not be feared, it should be seen as a reminder that a person may have a greater purpose in his life and should do all he can to strive for it. It is a reminder that regardless of whether th ere is an afterlife or not, this life matters and one does not have a lot of time to MAKE it matter. Yes, the fear of death is irrational, but more than that, is it not more irrational to make nothing of death and simply accept it? At this point it seems that I arrived at a different conclusion than the author of the given text. It just seems to me that the author is so focused on death as an end rather than as an opportunity. Yes, death is an end but is it not also an opportunity to be reminded that there are things you could achieve and people you can touch before that end ultimately comes? At the end of the day, I do concede that we have no doubt proven the unreason of death but I also argue that not only have we proven that but we may have also given a solution regarding it. By considering the rationality of death, Im was hard pressed not to consider the rationality of life itself and now Ill have to quit that the only solution to the fear of death is simply acceptance and doi ng what you can to make sure that when the proverbial clock ends, you will be able to look the reaper in the eye and say that you have no regrets.Works CitedFeldman, Fred. Confrontations with the Reaper. New York Oxford University Press, 1994.

Social Work Personal Values Essay

Social Work Personal Values EssayValues are part of my upbringing and play a man-sized part in my life, as they underpin my thoughts and actions. As a companionable work student I need to question my personal values, beliefs and ethics as these will have a big impact on my behaviour as a professional. My personal values are congruent to the values of social work, which is the reason why I have chosen a career in a social care. This values are self determination to publicise social rightness, being caring and helpful toward others, truthfulness (honesty) and respect. Working in nonmigratoryial and precaution Homes further infracted my interest in promoting social justice and social change on behalf of the service users. I understand, that as a social work student I need to act in pact with the values, and ethics of the profession, recognizing how personal and professional values may conflict with the needs of diverse clients.VALUING DIVERSITYTo value diversity means acknowle dging my own prejudices, allowing people to be different and respecting these differences. Being raised in Poland, where 96, 7% of population is polish my upbringing was white and influenced my prejudice about people from other cultures. Due to neglect of contact and knowledge I have made a preconceived judgment about other races. My social environment such as righteousness and culture has influenced me to behave in certain panaches towards other people. My religion created a stereotype and prejudice about homosexuality. My beliefs would not accept homosexuality repayable to influence of the church on my attitude towards sexual orientation. Moving to England and changing my social environment made me realize how wrong those perceptions were. Living in multicultural environment made me aware of different cultures, religions, races, which helped me to change my attitude towards people from diverse backgrounds. I have made friends from different parts of the world what helped me t o promote my understanding of different cultures and religions. I have learned how to accept and respect the differences. I understand and recognise that we alive in a diverse gild and that there is muchto be gained by having a variety of people, with a variety of backgrounds, approaches, talents and contributions. DISCRIMINATIONMy have with contrariety started when I moved to England in 2004. I was often subject to insulting racial jokes. The stereotypes about my culture and people along with labelling were very offensive and painful. The people with whom I have been working held dirty attitudes toward Polish people and culture. I was working in Bed and Breakfast where the majority of employees were English. My employer treated me differently than other employees. When allocating the tasks, she would often give me the most of them living the rest of the staff doing almost nothing. On one occasion one of the employees did not complete the given task and she said Let the Polis h engage on with this. She would not have dared to treat other employees the way she treated me. Probably she thought that she could get away with it because I did not know my rights and my English language was very poor. I gear up that experience very painful and could not understand why I was treated this way. Later on I have discovered that it was a direct inconsistency and it is against the law to be treated this way. There are a number of policies and legislations that could apply to my situation such asThe 1976 Race Relations Act, which makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against you on racial grounds. Race includes colour, nationality, ethnic or national origins. ( www.direct.gov.uk)The Equality Act 2010 provides a parvenu cross-cutting legislative framework to protect the rights of individuals and advance equality of opportunity for all to update, simplify and strengthen the previous legislation and to deliver a simple, modern and brotherly framework of di scrimination law which protects individuals from unfair treatment and promotes a fair and more equal society.( www.equalities.gov.uk)I could also use agencies such as Citizen Advice Bureau, which provides set-apart advice to foreigners, and often offer a translator to provide information and advice on employment rights, including discrimination. ACAS is another organisation, which provides general information on employment rights and responsibilities.Being discriminated in the past made me realise how damaging the effects of discrimination can be. I have started to wonder why people discriminate against each other. On many occasions I have witness discrimination but due to lack of knowledge I was not able to contend it and alone accept or ignore it. Last year on the Access Course I have developed a knowledge which helped me to understand why discrimination happens in society. I have learned different theories behind discrimination which helped me to understand its roots. Since th en I have become more attentive and started to reflect on my own actions and actions of others. Schon (1983) identifies two types of reflection. chiding in action, which is thinking back on what we have done in order to discover how our knowledgeable in action may have contributed to an unexpected outcome. We may do so after the fact, in tranquillity or we may pause in the midst of action (stop and think) (Schon,198726). Reflection -in -action is about contend my assumptions, thinking again, in a mod way about the problem that I have encountered. Reflection In Action is happening where we may reflect in the midst of action without interrupting it. Our thinking serves to reshape what we are doing while doing it (Schon, 198726).By observing others in my current work place I have identified forbid experiences present in a Care Home based on feelings of discrimination and unfair treatment which was against my own values and believes. One of the examples of discrimination that I have witness was discrimination through the language. Working in a Residential Home as a carer I have noticed a share of staff using patronising and insulting language towards residents. I found that language very disrespecting and decided to challenge my colleague. I have realized that he held a negative attitude towards older people, as he regards to residents as dirty old woman, and call them as useless . I have explained to him that one day he also will be old andis that the way he would like to be seen. At this point my Manager came in and after explaining what has happen, the instalment of staff was asked to leave the premises. In reflection on this experience I have realized that people have different attitudes to aged population, which are different to my own attitude.Another observation embroils a resident having negative attitudes towards black people. The resident would not allow a black member of staff to provide any kind of help or personal care. She would predic t and swear using insulting language as soon as they entered the room. Because the majority of carers are black it is hard to allocate a white member of staff to help her. When asking her why she does not want a black member of staff she answered that she does not want blacks to help or make her because they are dirty and useless. On one occasion when attending this resident I decided to challenge her perceptions about black people and called a new black member of staff to help me when giving personal care. I have explained to the resident that she is a new member of staff and she will only if observe me. She accepted it but was not very happy about it. While working with resident I started to ask the girl questions, such as why she wants to work here and does she like her job. She responds that she was looking after her grandmother who passed away recently and has a lot of experience and that she enjoys helping other people. The resident was listening but did not say anything. I was hoping that she will change her negative attitude after spending some time with the black member of staff, after watching me having a positive interaction with her. Not being aware of the resident attitude the girl asked her if she would like her to do her hair because she use to do it very nice to her grandmother. The resident did not answer just sat on the chair and gave the girl a hair brush. On that story I have left the room hoping that this experience will change her attitude and prejudice against black people. The resident now is being attended by black staff without any problems, and communicating in a respectful way.REFLECTION ON THE POLICIES OF CHALLENGING DISCRIMINATION IN MY WORK PLACE (JEWISH residential HOME)The use of Anti Discriminatory practice at my work place is fundamental to the ethical basis of care provision, and equality legislation is crucial to the protective cover of service users dignity. It imposes particular responsibilities on public and service providers to avoid stereotyping and to respect service users diverse needs and cultural diversity. To challenge discrimination Jewish Care has put into place a written policies and procedures to deal with discriminatory behaviour and practice.CHALLENGING DISCRIMINATION AND OPPRESSIONA starting point in challenging discrimination and oppression is having awareness of the different types and ways that discrimination and oppression can occur. Thompson PCS Analysis provides a clear and understandable method of consideration discrimination and oppression in the context of personal, cultural and societal levels. The process of empowerment is also crucial in challenging oppression. On a personal level we could empower individuals to take control over their lives, for example through enhancement of self-esteem and confidence. On a cultural level empowerment is concerned with worthy aware of ideologies premised on inequality. Discriminatory assumptions and stereotypes should be challenged in order to break down an oppressive culture. On a structural level empowerment involve abolition of structural inequalities from the structure of society. Education plays important role in challenging discrimination. By educating people to understand the causes and effects of discrimination we can challenge traditional beliefs and practices concerning particular groups and promote equality, diversity, inclusion and tolerance.ANTI DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICEAnti discriminatory practice is an approach which seeks to combat discrimination and oppression, in monetary value of challenging all forms of discrimination and oppression from our own practice and practice of others (Thompson, 2006).As a social work student I need to develop further my anti discriminatory practice. To do so I have to recognise the significance of discrimination in peoples lives, especially in the lives of disadvantaged people. I also need to develop self-awareness and make sure, that my own action does not rein force discrimination.

Introduction To Sex Education Children And Young People Essay

Introduction To hinge on Education Children And Young People EssayHave you ever made some questions standardized What are the differences amidst a boy and a girl. or Why you have special feelings when seeing a very hot girl, boy. For sure, not on the whole of you ask yourself something like that? And I still remember how shy my primary teacher was when I asked her how I had been born. These above questions seem so simple but not everyone puke answer it because of the shortage of stirual knowledge. In f mo, sex preparation in Vietnam has not been a key point in social rearing. That is similarly the power why the rate of adults who have trouble with sex and love are increasing. Sex is a sensitive issue in Vietnam nowadays. Most of Vietnamese throng are too shy to mention to sex however, there is a deviation in inner awareness among Vietnamese girlish. As the results, sex bringing up should be approved to teach at Vietnam High schools in attempt to curb problems such as t eenager pregnancy or abortion.II/ proboscisAccording to Avert Organization, Sex gentility, which is sometimes c entirely(a)ed sexuality education or sex and relationships education, is the process of acquiring randomness and forming attitudes and beliefs about sex, sexual identity, relationships and intimacy. Sex education is also about developing young peoples skills so that they make informed choices about their behavior, and feel confident and competent about acting on these choices.. It is also said that sex education is a book-guide closing to humans sexual activities like reproduction, emotion, birth control Providing this one is the way we dedicate to teenagers the right information about matters which have an enormous impact on their.From modernly western sandwich to mysteriously Oriental, sex education had been mentioned in umteen forms direct or indirect, official or in-official, all of it demonstrated that our ancestor initiated sex education like an essential subjec t not scarce for teenagers but also for adults as well. Because of the fact that Western countries preceded one step on this issue, they have had an open point of view for this one. On contrast, both Asia area and Vietnam, sex education is something new and strange as the cultural conception. From this result, it is definitely that this topic is rarely appeared on mass media or newspaper, even more being ignored. This viewpoint was reversed, and not had the good fit for fork over with so many changes. On my opinion, sex education will be the key to handle some issues on young people.In generally, sex education provides the embrace knowledge on safe sex or birth control. Implementing Sex Education pointed that sometimes, people mistakenly believe sex education refers only to sexual behavior (e.g., sexual intercourse) and not the full array of topics that comprise sexuality. These include information and concerns about abstinence, body image, contraception, gender, human mountth a nd development, human reproduction, pregnancy, relationships, safer sex (prevention of sexually transmitted infections), sexual attitudes and values, sexual anatomy and physiology, sexual behavior, sexual health, sexual orientation, and sexual pleasure (Anonymous1,n.d). It is necessary to understand about our sexuality, accomplish sexual health, and identify accurately like a part of our person. However, this receiving knowledge process will take a long time from being born to grow up. Parents and primary teachers take responsible as the first educators to provide the youth a progress and developmentally appropriate sexuality education. Ideally, sex education in school is an integrated education process that builds upon itself year after year, is initiated in kindergarten, and is provided through grade 12. For example, a 2004 study carried out by National world Radio demonstrated that more than 90 percent of parents give sex education at schools. It also proved that the significant ly of parents detected that sex education subject in their childrens school were either very helpful or somewhat adapt to their child in cope with sex (Anonymous1,n.d). As many reasons this concept has not been focused because people thought children go need to concentrate on study than this issue, and the impact of one is not relevant to their life. This backward thought drive to the popular fact almost children do not see exactly about their body or their physiology and sometimes they can act by rationally natural. Danger to life, even more get to seriously wound appears at lots of case. on that pointfore helping children on sexuality joke an important role on sex education.Well-educated from guardians make children more confident and control their attitude better. Sex education prevents the high rate of HIV, STDs inflection by intercourse neither. According to the statistics from PPFA (2012), teens are more sexually active now than before twenty-five percent of all girls and t hirty-three percent of all boys have had sex by the age of fifteen. This is a very young age, and by age seventeen the statistics have grown to seventy-five percent of all girls and eighty-six percent of all boys (Anonymous, 2012). The same unbelievable information was researched by Institution of Population and Family pointed that the abortion rate at young women (from the age of 15 to 19) approximately 30 percent on overall, ranked 5th on the world (Git mnh vi t l no, ph thai ca hc sinh, sinh vin, 2012). Potentially, schools provide a key opportunity to reach large numbers of young people with sex, relationships and HIV education in ways that are replicable and sustainable in resource-poor settings. In many countries, young people will become sexually active while they are still attending school, making the setting even more important as an opportunity for the delivery of sex, relationships and HIV education. There are currently nearly 12 million young people in the world living w ith HIV. More than half of these young people are female. There are an estimated 2.3 million children (below the age of 15) living with HIV worldwide. With access to treatment, HIV-positive children can expect to develop into healthy adults who, at some point, will travel having sexual relationships. For an HIV-positive young person who has never beneted from education programs about sex, relationships and HIV, these kinds of programs which assume all students are HIV-negative will not sufce. Furthermore, the implicit and pervasive assumption that all students are HIV-negative can render invisible those who are living with HIV or AIDS. It may also inadvertently increase stigma through the construct of an us and them mentality (UNESCO, 2007). Finally, approved sex education at high school is the way we protect our future generation.Some opposition view argued that educational activity sex education is somehow we bring grist to childrens hands. However, psychologist Hong Ngoc Do said that the misunderstanding of our education system is passive-psychological and to entrust for school and scare of being naughty. We get better of giving instruction to have right path than let them mislead (Hoai Nam, 2012).III/ ConclusionIt was hard to decide on what argument I am going to write about for this essay. There are many interesting arguments I have searched. After thinking about it, sex education superpower be a good topic. Teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases is very rampant in Vietnam.IV/ References1/ Anonyous(n.d). Implementing Sex Education. Retrived from2/ Anonymous. (2012). Sex Education A Necessity in Public Schools Today. Retrieved from http//www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=10246.3/ Hausauer, J. (n.d).The Sex Talk What Parents are Saying To Their Children about Sex. Retrieved from https//docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cacheD1RfxKYxhTcJweb.mnstate.edu/keen-sighted/The%2520Sex%2520Talk.doc+hl=vigl=vnpid=blsrcid=ADGEESiQMHNqpQSFolTNzqh3V7Uvg-8jiZdO17 1eoQoIP842Nrcu2q-A5sLDsuO2T2T4z7f3rUNI56X-E5zsHsIqbr9sCNvEvqUukbiaRbsDm14r0ivRtZKxH-MbnMOvrfRee-58A2XOsig=AHIEtbTzkz81PA7u9MU-GlkLoM_Yn3OSKA.4/ Nam, H. (June,2012). Dan Tri. c gio dc gi itnh sm, tr s bit t bo v mnh. Retrieved from http//dantri.com.vn/c25/s25-603793/duoc-giao-duc-gioi-tinh-som-tre-se-biet-tu-bao-ve-minh.htm.5/ Anomyous. (n.d). Sex Education that Works. Retrieved From http//www.avert.org/sex-education.htmhttp//www.plannedparenthood.org/resources/implementing-sex-education-23516.htm

In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay

In The Hospitality Industry Tourism EssayThe cordial reception manufacturing is one of the main(prenominal) industries in this world and this is the relationship between client and host. Hospitality in any case involves showing respect for their guest, treat them equal and providing what they take in when they be in the hotel or requesting on a intimacy such as need a tourist to bring go around the town, need transportation and different. The hospitality industry basically provides lodging or accommodation to people who travel and needs shelter for the day. Today, the hospitality industry is providing more choices for its consumers all around the world from hotels, resorts, student lodgings, hostels and umpteen more. Hospitality industry is one of the industries that provide utility so it is basically focused on node satisfaction because node who is the main study to even out us. In different kind of hotel depart blend in a different type of service because it is d epend on how the hotel functioning. If the hotel has a good take in to the customer this bequeath affect customer loyalty and customer will come a score. In addition to that, it also will increase the successful of the comp whatsoever in hospitality industry. early(a) that this, hotel industry also will provide facility for customer. Most of the pileiness customers are need a bed and food, this are lavish for them solely some of the customer are request for using our facility. We net introduce our facility to the customer or maybe we stub discount for them to advance them pass water a try. Therefore, hotel will bewilder a good experience for the customer and also heap gain more profit.2.0 Answer Question 2In hospitality industry, there grow 5 type of service characteristic. There are intangible, perishable, inseparable, simultaneous and variable. Without this 5 type of service characteristic, hotel might not be able to function well.2.1 Intangible serviceIntangible whic h meaning is cannot be seen or touched but we can feel it. Communication is the subject that we can feel. We can feel the employee either welcoming us or not by communicate with us. The communication between the employees and guest is important it is because the guest can feel the employees are helping by willing or just simply root the question. Some of the employees are not using a friendly communication and communicate with us while we request question or request a issue from them. Not only for customer but for employees also, we need to friendly to communication with them and can cooperate well to process the hotel. Other than communication, smile also is a affaire that we can feel by giving of them. For example, like in a restaurant the politeness of an employees giving a smile to the guest is means welcoming and willing to serve them, by this way the guest can feel satisfied but this cant be see and touched.2.1 Perishable servicePerishable which means is drug abuse be la st longer and wont experience the comparable experience. In many things, we will have the initiatory try and if the thing is not good we wont try anymore. Same as we in the hotel, if the hotels we stay are not satisfaction we just will try once and next season we will know which type hotel we should choose and will do a proper research round hotel that we stay to made sure it wont be same as last time. Other than this, if we late to check in and without paying deposit or have any inform to the hotel they have advanced to blue-pencil reserved the room for guest and the guest need to re-book the room if the hotel have room still available. Moreover, for transportation they also will have the same experience. For bus or airplane, they wont wait for late passenger. If they are late they need to buy or book a ticket for next time and journeying of them also will be delay. For next time, they will know be punctual and reach the bus stop or airport in time to avoid they missed agai n.2.2 Inseparable serviceInseparable which means service and customer and service supplier cant be separated. Guest is the main major no matter in which area. It sure will have its own supplier to provide the thing. Supplier is important to hospitality because of they need a voluminous amount of quantity of food and drink. They sure will have different type of supplier to supply the food and drink to make sure they have enough supply for guest because hotel is the places that always have many guest and employees walk in and out. Other than need to supply food for hotel, they also need other supplier to supply their basic needed such as toothpaste, shampoo and other. Furthermore, service provider is indispensable for service delivery as he must promptly generate and render the service to the requesting service consumer because customer pay and nurture a service from them. In addition, the service consumer is inseparable from service delivery because he is involved in it from reque sting it up to consuming the rendered benefits.2.3 Simultaneous serviceSimultaneous which means service have to be delivered at the same time as the customer consumed. It is not goods which may be the manufactured, wholesaler, or kept to distributions. For example in a restaurant, the service provider which means the waiter or waitress are doing the service at the same time when the customer request (delivery) something or ordering food then the service provider delivered the service immediately at the same time. For instance, if the customer wants to bil, the service provider have to bring the bill for the customer.2.4 Variable serviceVariable of service offered and can be in many forms during the interaction or the process. Services are highly variable, as they depend on the service provider, and where and when they are provided. Service marketers event a caper in standardizing their service, as it varies with experienced hand, customer, time and firm. Service buyers are aware of this variant. So, the service firms should make an effort to deliver high and ordered quality in their service. For example, if one day eating in a restaurant, the food and service was very good but the next day the serve become enceinte.3.0 deathIn conclusion, Those 5 characteristics cannot separate with guest and also supplier. Because they are the main major for us and they also needed the basic thing in daily life. Especially is intangible because it was included communication between employee and guest. Communication is important because in hospitality industry, we will always faced customer to talk and explain the thing that they asking. In addition to that, this also is the first impression to guest when guest entering hotel. Besides that, perishable service and simultaneity service in hospitality industry, if the lodging property we stay first time and the service is good but the next time the service has becomes bad which means the first experience we cannot experien ce again. Therefore, in hospitality industry the service has to be constant and maintain. Not only that, inseparable service and variability service in hospitality industry is that the services provided cannot be separated. Lastly, the variability service is to standardize and to constant the service that in a lodging property. Therefore, this five characteristic have to be concerned and followed in any service line industry especially hospitality industry.1.0 Introduction Question 2In hospitality industry, there are many types of lodging in this industry such as hotel, resorts, inn and others. Hotels are divided to cardinal types one is empty hotel and one is commercial. For resort and inn are mostly are by the seaside but resort have more facilities and amenities while inn dont have so much service. To manage this kind of lodging property is not an easy task as you may seem, it has a lot of secure work to be done and skills to be experience. An hotel manager should have full o f hotel operation skills so they are able to manage the hotel no matter undersize hotel or large hotel. The responsible of an hotelier, should be take over and manager the hotel well. Hotelier also should always prepare be settle the problem that need that happen inside the hotel and also have the knowledge to settle the problem even also is customer problem. Besides that, intimate of an organization, hoteliers also have to be able to manage the internal problem such as the employees issues. If the hotelier dont not able to bring off well the issues between employees but also with the psyche in charge of the team there will be a lot of problem and they cannot to be co-operate well and the hotel also cannot be process well. Other than that, in a hotel should have a formation so that hotelier can do their job more easily such as cooking the work. They can know each department how they processing their job and wont have argument when have problem happened.2.0 Answer Question 2T o be prepared be an hotelier, there have many thing hotelier need to know and handle. Such as the hotel will need how many employees to work, how the hotel system of rules going on, is the hotel gain profit and so on. Other than this, in hospitality service employees is important for the hotel because without them hotel might cannot run smoothly. Therefore, an hotelier should have some skills to handle the problem that relation with hotel such as industry, management experience, responsibility, communication skills and knowledge of other than hotel management. Below have the explanation of the skills that I have mentioned.2.1 PatienceAs an hotelier, patience is very important. It is because as an hotelier will faced a lot of different type of guest. Some of the guest will keep asking many questions about the hotel and they must answer the question. both day have different guest asking the questions about the hotel but is the same people to answer the guest. After day by day, some of them might feel impatience and boring to answer the question. Other than this, some of the guest will make a complaint about the room, not satisfied with the service, and other as an hotelier they need to have a lot of patience explain with their guest to allow them feel satisfied especially the VIP of the hotel. Sometime, they also need patience to introduce and explain the food and facility that hotel have been provided. Patience is important because it will let guest feel welcome and friendly. In addition to that, when have some difficult issues happened the hotelier must have patience to overcome the issues because work out a problem or issues have to take some time overcome the issues.2.2 Management ExperienceIn hospitality, management experience is important. It is because in each department there will have different way to process their job and doing their job. Other than this, they also need to follow the step and rules to do it. Every hotel will have different manage ment to run the process of the hotel smoothly. To make sure the internal management runs smoothly the hotelier should have a system to follow. Furthermore, these kinds of experience gain from bottom of the department to top of the department. So that, the hotelier has to walk every step to have the experience run the hotel. It is because every department has different system and hotelier must understandably know how the departments run and wont be confused with their job. Other than that, if the hotelier has this kind of experience they can no need waste time on training and they also can save up the time to learn more new thing. Moreover, if the hotel has any emergency problem happened, an hotelier can handle the situation well because they handle the problem before on the previous time. Hotelier has experience they can manage their staff well and wouldnt boycott by other employees so that they can be cooperating well to operate the hotel run smoothly.2.3 ResponsibilityOther than t he two skills, responsibility also is an important thing in hospitality industry. It is because in the service line, the main major is our guest and is the one who paying us to get a satisfied service. If the hotelier doesnt responsible on what their in charge it may causes many complaints from guest and also can causes low profit. Because of the hotelier irresponsible, they may ignore the complaint from guest and wont take action to those employees who are irresponsible to the guest. Besides that, when hotel hiring an employees to work the first thing they will curious about responsible of the people. In addition, in the hotel there have many departments. In every department, there have different position, responsibility and duties. Every hotelier should clearly know what the responsibility of their duties because they able to cope with others employees. Furthermore, besides giving a responsibility in internal management, hotel surrounding also have to be armorial bearing and resp onsible such as the workplace and the guest place. Inside the hotel, not only have adult walking around but also have eldest people and children. We must be responsible on their safety because they are in our hotel area compound.2.4 KnowledgeableWithout knowledgeable there will be a difficult task to the hotelier. It is because of many things the hoteliers are not understood and they cannot answer and overcome the problem well of the customer but also the problem of the hotel. Knowledge is one of the important skills that you have learn, gain and experience in every perceptions such as while you studying, working(a) in an organizations, or working in a service line industry like hotel. Knowledge allows us to be better, and to be more understanding on a command thing. Keep open mind and accept what people say to you, then you will realize the answer that you have never realize before and also will know where the problem is. To be an hotelier, knowledge is what should not left becau se, working in a hotel line every perceptions are gain from experience which means the daily work you doing in the hotel such as serving customer there would be a knowledge that how to serve the customer right or some tourist will also get some information about the place you work or what is the special food in the town. The more knowledge we have the more advance we can become. In the past, a lot of people say that education is the most important thing in life because when you have graduate you may get a better job but nowadays the reality needs is knowledge to collar new things or have know about some general thing but not only the subject you study.2.5 Communication skillsIn hospitality industry, communication skills are the most important. It is because hotelier needs to communicate with guest. All of the guest in the hotel sure will communicate with hotelier because they need get an assist from them. No matter how high level you study, have a good communication skills it will help you explore clearly the answer that you means to the listener. As an hotelier, they need to communicate with other employees and have a good communication skill employees can more easily to understand and wont liquify up the meaning. Other than this, have a good communication skills will made sure us have a good relationship with other employees and also guest. In addition to that, hotelier will win more cooperation with other employees and also will increase successful in the hospitality industry. If they are not understood the message that the hotelier pass to they might mistaken and misunderstanding and will do wrong thing in the processing. This may causes them cannot have teamwork to work together because of argument of the problem. Have a good communication they will have good self-esteem. It is because of the hotelier are always confident on what they say and what they say is always the thing that needed by the people. Furthermore, as an hotelier they also need to promo te the package, facility and other to the guest for gain profit. Hotelier will use the good communication skills to attract the guest to have a try in the hotel. If the hotelier keep promote the thing to them, guest will have a good impression with the thing that the hotelier has promoted and maybe the guest will have a try. Other than that, guest also can clearly know what the service the hotel has provided. Hotelier has good communication skills they can have a peaceful environment working places.3.0 ConclusionIn conclusion, to be an hotelier they should always well prepared. They should have patience, management experience, responsibility, knowledge of hotel management and communication skills. Other than this, they need to well prepare themselves and patience to overcome the customer problem and internal management issues. Hotelier should use themselves management experience or other employees opinion to process the hotel well. In addition, hotelier also should be responsible on their guest safety because they are inside the area of the hotel. Knowledge is one of the important things to gain and learn when they first work in hotel. Knowledge is what allows hotelier to advance themselves and to operate in a hotel. The communication skill is useful for hotelier. It is because they can use the skills to handle the internal issues well and have a peaceful environment.

The Presence of Darkness in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues Essay

The Presence of Darkness in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues In the story Sonnys Blues the causation, James Baldwin, uses the image of darkness quite frequently. He uses it first when the older brother (main character) talks astir(predicate) his younger brother Sonny. He says that when Sonny was younger his salute was talented and open. He said that he didnt want to believe that he would ever see his brother going down, coming to nothing, all that gentle in his face gone out. Meaning he had gone from good (clean and innocent) to bad ( giving into drugs like so m whatever of the other young people). The older brother then goes on to talk about his students and how they had limited possibilities stating that all they really knew were two darknesses, the darkness of their lives, which was know closing in on them, and the darkness of the movies, which had blinded them to that other darkness, and in which they now vengefully dreamed, at once more together than they were at any time and more alone. He believes that there is little opportunity for these kids to get out of the elegant much doomed future they have with drug addiction and crime being what it is in the city. There was one boy whistling through the harsh, bright air, while the other boys were laughing in their unforgiving way. The brightness of this boys whistling could symbolise that some of them do get out and make something of themselves ( bright futures). The author then uses darkness to describe the faces of the adults on Sunday evenings after dinner when everyone is relaxing with their own thoughts. For a moment nobodys talking but every face looks darkening, like the sky outside...The silence, the darkness coming and the darkness in the faces frighten the child obscurel... ... way they are moving from the bad things all around them into the good, that is, the music. In this way they are in a way escaping from the darkness that is around them every day even if only for a short time. Its the only light they have. This is when the author uses the image of darkness for the last time. For, while the tale of how we suffer, and how we are delighted, and how we may triumph is never new, it always must be heard. There isnt any other tale to tell, its the only light weve got in all this darkness. This supports that their music is the only thing that is totally good in their lives. With all the violence and discouragement that is around them all of the time, music is the only way they can free themselves. Work Cited Baldwin, James. Sonnys Blues. The Norton introduction to Fiction. 6th ed. Ed. Jerome Beaty. New York Norton, 1996. 47-70.

Free Catch-22 Essays: Insanity :: Catch-22

Insanity in Catch 22 In every of history, no war seems to have touched the minds of people everywhere as much as World War II. This war brought about some of the defeat violations of human rights ever seen. The German military created a system for the public to follow, and if the individual opposed, he was oppressed. This kind of mentality is presented in the novel, Catch-22 (1955). Joseph Heller uses the insane situations of the background and his characters to show a unique perspective on World War II.   A small Army Air Corps base serves as the picture for Catch-22. It is set on a fictitious island called Pianosa. The island is described as very small and is located in the Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Elba, Italy. It is set in the time of World War II. The island almost serves as a microcosm of the war taking place around it. This setting accommodates nearly all of the hardships being face by the victims of WWII. The Air Corps dominates this island and its sold ier inhabitants. A system is established and it must be obeyed by all the soldiers. This system is kepy alive through a catch-22.   Basically the catch-22 is a trap set up by the military bureaucracy to keep all of the soldiers flying in battle. It is best summed up in a piece of dialogue from the novel. It is shared between the main character, Yossarian, and the bases doctor, Daneeka Yossarian looked at him soberly and tried another approach. Is Orr crazy? He certain(a) is, Doc Daneeka said. Can you ground him? I sure can. But first he has to ask me to. Thats part of the rule. Then why doesnt he ask you to? Because hes crazy, Doc Daneeka said. He has to be crazy to keep flying combat missions by and by all the close calls hes had. Sure I can ground him. But first he has to ask me to. And then you can ground him? Yossarian asked. No. Then I cant ground him. You mean theres a catch? Sure theres a catch, Doc Daneeka replied. Catch-22. Anyone who wants to get out of combat duty isnt really crazy. ( Heller, 46)   This bureaucratic trap is accepted by most of the naive soldiers. This is why the military is able to make the soldiers do whatever they want them to do.