Violence in Video Games Essay -- essays research papers

Violence in Video Games and Its Affects on TeensEver since their conception, video games have channeled hysteria violence being to grammatical case pain or death onto other beings. From early video games to the most advanced, violence plays an important role. Early games like Wonder Boy and Space Invaders contain violence. Space Invaders involves shooting and killing as many alien as possible. Wonder Boy has our hero killing monsters that vanish upon death. The hero is also subjected to violence as enemies swing swords, and throws rocks at him. The degree of violence in video games is based upon personal preference. Does violence in video games contribute to violent tour committed by teens? And, what makes teens turn to violence?Being exposed to violence everyday, kids become blunt to it and it becomes a normal thing. It a defense mechanism, a realise of denial says Dr. Peter Nieman, a Pediatrician. Video games are seen as fantasy but really help to make violence more acceptabl e in our society says university of Toronto Sociologist Walter Podichak. There are still many questions whether some video games are more violent than some comic books or some cartoons. It s a problem for some kids who are not connected and are dealing with violent images, they may think this is an appropriate behavior. If they have access to a gun, you may see a problem says Det. Sgt. John Muise, of the Ontario office of victims of Crimes. (Source 3)Examples of violent video games and their contentIn m...

Religion and Spirituality Essay -- Religious Christianity Essays

Religion and Spirituality Since the dawn of human life, people have eternally been searching for the design of existence. Humans are immanently inquisitive beings, and are blessed to have the capabilities of higher thought processes. Humans use these thought processes to ponder the question of existence. Unfortunately, the evolution of man has non brought the human washables any closer to actualizing its purpose on earth. In fact, this issue is such that the more one feels he or she understands it, the more questions concerning it arise. This problem perpetuates itself by the disorderliness of morality and spirituality, and the roles they hold in society. As the human race evolves, it feels the need to designate structure to its world. As a means to provide structure, man creates twain systems of social order, as well as systems of belief. The purpose of the two systems is to explain unknown phenomenon while creating an environment where societies can grow. Huma ns do this because they have an innate drive to both explain the unknown in addition to perpetuating a society that holds common beliefs and values. One can define these two systems as religion and spirituality. The problem lies in the fact that these two systems are so closely intertwined that oftentimes they are confused as being synonymous. However, this is most definitely not the case. On the contrary, religions purpose is to create social structure and congruency. Religion is driven by social purpose, and can be exploited. In fact, a small part of every religion serves a selfish purpose rather than an honorable one. Religions purpose is completely different from the purpose of spirituality. Spirituality, on the other hand, deals with personal beliefs about ... .... Vol. 7. 230-282. 1971.Crusade. Encyclopedia Britannica. Howerth, Ira. What is Religion? International daybook of Ethics. 1983. Jihad. Encyclopedia Britannica. Mathur, D.C. The Concept of Action in the Bhagvad-Gita. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 1974.McClenon, James. Human ontogenesis and the Origin of Religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 345-357. Sept. 1997Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. Religion and Society. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 1972. Rosengren, Karl. The Riddle of the Empty Cell. Current Anthropology. Vol. 17. 1996. Stewart, Gutherie. Religion What is it? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 412-419. Dec. 1998.

Antigone :: Free Essay Writer

AntigoneThe characters in the play Antigone all suffer a downfall of some sort. The major characters suffer the most, though. In this short essay, I testament document on how the two main characters, Creon and Antigone, both inevitably become tragical pigboates. The first example that I observed in Antigone was her self-righteous plight to bury her brother. She believes that what she is doing is right, and that she will do it no matter what the consequences, because he was her brother, her blood. This establishes the first part of a tragic hero, the part ab start doing something for the good of psyche else, rather for than the greater glory of doing it. The first impression that Creon made upon me was his stern, ironclad manner and ethical code. When the reader is first introduced to Creon, his or her first impression is that Creon will eventually die, as the villain does in nearly any play, movie, novel, etc. But in actuality, Creon suffers the most of all, losing his one key t o immortality, his son. I ruled out that Antigone probably was a tragic hero to a lesser extent, however, when she started to question her actions. A real hero of any sort always does what they think is right. Since Creon silent hadnt changed his mind at that point, I was perplexed on who would become the one who regretted their actions later, and was eventually going to experience a catharsis. Haimon was the silent tragic hero of the play, ache at the hands of his strict father. Haimon remained loyal up to a certain point, until the question of whether Creons decision was possibly the right one. Haimon established himself as a tragic hero when he tried to kill Creon in revenge for Antigones suicide. Haimon not only lost Antigones love, he lost his life. Earlier, I mentioned Antigones self-righteousness. Creon had an egotistical point of raft as well. Antigone thought at first that her actions were justified and righteous when it came to the question of morals and ethics. Creon w as not at all different, believing that his way was the right way, or the way the Gods would have chosen. Both realized the mistake they made, and regretted it later, when it was too late. Creon certainly suffered the most, losing three of his immediate family, the unmentioned being his wife. But to say that Creon is the only tragic hero in the play is extremely naive and shortsighted.

Spam: Junk Email Essay -- Research Papers E-mail Essays

Spam Junk Email The fictional base The Case of the Spam Stalker was based on my query and interest in the topic of junk email or spam. I was able to think of this topic because of the unbelievable amount of junk email that I was receiving at my America Online email note. In fact, I received so much junk mail that I decided to switch to another account with Lycos. Because I was having so much of a problem with unwanted mail, I figured that there were many more people with this problem. Hence, I decided to do my research project on junk email, otherwise known as spam. Similarly, my story involves the main character having to switch her email accounts because of the increasing intensiveness of junk mail that she received. Throughout the story, the character presents situations in which she is able to inform the reader of what spam is, where it comes from, how to get rid of it, and what the laws are concerning spam. In order to pour down this story, I first had to rese arch. The majority of my research came from internet databases that I found through the James Madison University website. However, I also managed to find one check by Geoff Mulligan on the subject of removing spam. The major areas of my story that feature my research results are, I think, obvious. The first occurrence of my research appearing in the story is when the main character, Dorian, complains to her friend Tony about the amount of spam she gets at her AOL account (Dvorak). When Tony proceeds to explain to Dorian that if she upgrades to AOL version 8 then spam wouldnt be a huge problem (Business Wire) and when he tells her how spam got into her account through message boards and member directories (Mulligan), are other examples... ...ces Using Filters, Other tactical maneuver To Combat Spam. Internet World. 19 Oct. 1998. Lexis Nexis Academic. James Madison University, bearer Library. 1 Apr. 2003. . Hill, Steve. Unwanted. Unwelcome. Unstop pable? Lovely spam, wonderful spam Internet Magazine. Dec. 2001. Infotrac. James Madison University, Carrier Library. 1 Apr. 2003. Mulligan, Geoff. Removing the Spam Email Processing and Filtering. Reading Addison Wesley, 1999.Warner, Janine. How much does spam really cost? The Miami Herald. 10 Mar. 2003. James Madison University, Carrier Library. 1 Apr. 2003. .

Autobiographical Writing on my 5th Birthday :: Papers

Autobiographical Writing My 5th birthday My 5th birthday is 1 of my earliest memories and is the stolon birthday I can suppose I dont know why it has stuck in my memory so much but I can remember it like it was yesterday. It started very primeval in the morning around 5 am which is ridiculously early to be acquire up and you wouldnt catch me getting up that early these days, but at the time I was used to it because my mum worked at night and my dad started work about 6 so I used to have to go round my conterminous door neighbors house till my mum got home at about 8, the lady next door was called Maureen she was about 50 and she was quite tiny and had short gray hair. I remember her to be very kind, she had a colossal collection of videos that she permit me watch every morning and she would always offer drinks, biscuits, cakes and anything you could think of really, her kitchen was the Aladdins cave of cuisine and provisions. On the morning of m y birthday my dad came in my room picked me up to carry me across to next door. I was still asleep not really knowing what was going on around me until the fearsome freeze of the early morning hit me round the head, winded me, indeed chopped off my fingers and toes. My dad rushed to get me to Maureens house as quick as he could when I got in there me and my dad sat down and had a goblet of rosy lea (tea) with Maureen before he had to dash off to work, then she whipped out a bowl of piping hot ready break which is like a kids version of porridge with a ton of sugar and a lecture of milk it was lovely, I munched it down like a frog would a fly, I was still pretty drowsy so I had a catch a wink on the couch. When I awoke a gigantic box wrapped in lime green packaging was stood in the center of the room, I

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The effective King of Bechuanaland 1819 to 1923Khama marvellous his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and force to extract proficient innovations from Europeans slice resisting their attempts to colonize his orbit. such(prenominal) advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps which very much eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen capital of Seychelles of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his petition for continued freedom for Bechuanaland.Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introducti on of a mounted police corps, which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland.A brief biography of Sir Seretse Khama, Botswanas front presidentSeretse Khama (1921-80), founding President of Botswana, 1966-80. He inherited an impoverished and internationally obscure state from British rule, and left an more and more democratic and prosperous country with a significant role in Southern Africa.Seretse Khama was born on 1 July 1921 at Serowe in the British protectorate of Bechuanaland. He was was the son of Sekgoma Khama, and the grandson of the internationally famous Kgosi Khama III (c.1835-1923), ruler of the Bangwato people of central Botswana. He was named Seretse-the clay that binds together-because of the recent reconciliation between his father and grandfa ther. Seretses mother, Tebogo Kebailele, had been elect by Khama to be the bleak wife of the ageing Sekgoma. When Sekgoma died in 1925, four-twelvemonth old Seretse was proclaimed Kgosi. His uncle Tshekedi Khama became regent and later sole guardian for him.The lonely and often indisposed child was sent to boarding schools in South Africa, but developed into a healthy and gregarious adolescent sportsman. He attended Fort hare University College and graduated with a command BA degree in 1944. In August 1945 he was sent to England for a legal education. After a year at Balliol College, Oxford, he enrolled for barrister studies at the Inner Temple, London.In 1947 Seretse Khama met an English woman of his age, Ruth Williams, daughter of a retired army officer.Ready essays research papers The Good King of Bechuanaland 1819 to 1923Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Euro peans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland.Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps, which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The Engli sh honored Khama and confirmed his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland.A brief biography of Sir Seretse Khama, Botswanas first presidentSeretse Khama (1921-80), founding President of Botswana, 1966-80. He inherited an impoverished and internationally obscure state from British rule, and left an increasingly democratic and prosperous country with a significant role in Southern Africa.Seretse Khama was born on 1 July 1921 at Serowe in the British protectorate of Bechuanaland. He was was the son of Sekgoma Khama, and the grandson of the internationally famous Kgosi Khama III (c.1835-1923), ruler of the Bangwato people of central Botswana. He was named Seretse-the clay that binds together-because of the recent reconciliation between his father and grandfather. Seretses mother, Tebogo Kebailele, had been chosen by Khama to be the new wife of the ageing Sekgoma. When Sekgoma died in 1925, four-year old Seretse was proclaimed Kgosi. His uncle Tshekedi Khama became regent and late r sole guardian for him.The lonely and often sickly child was sent to boarding schools in South Africa, but developed into a healthy and gregarious adolescent sportsman. He attended Fort Hare University College and graduated with a general BA degree in 1944. In August 1945 he was sent to England for a legal education. After a year at Balliol College, Oxford, he enrolled for barrister studies at the Inner Temple, London.In 1947 Seretse Khama met an English woman of his age, Ruth Williams, daughter of a retired army officer.

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The Good King of Bechuanaland 1819 to 1923Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peaceful ruler with the require and king to extract technical innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a attach police corps which much eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest side settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his aggregation for continued freedom for Bechuanaland.Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps, which a good deal eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his challenge for continued freedom for Bechuanaland.A brief biography of Sir Seretse Khama, Botswanas first presidentSeretse Khama (1921-80), founding President of Botswana, 1966-80. He inherited an impoverished and internationally obscure commonwealth from British rule, and left an increasingly democratic and prosperous country with a significant role in Southern Africa.Seretse Khama was born on 1 July 1921 at Serowe in the British associated state of Bechuanaland. He was was the son of Sekgoma Khama, and the grandson of the internationally famous Kgosi Khama III (c.1835-1923), ruler of the Bangwato people of central Botswana. He was named Seretse-the clay that binds together-because of the recent balancing between his father and grandfather. Seretses mother, Tebog o Kebailele, had been elect by Khama to be the new wife of the ageing Sekgoma. When Sekgoma died in 1925, four- stratum old Seretse was proclaimed Kgosi. His uncle Tshekedi Khama became regent and later sole guardian for him.The lonely and often sickly child was sent to boarding schools in South Africa, but developed into a healthy and gregarious adolescent sportsman. He attended Fort hare University College and graduated with a general BA degree in 1944. In August 1945 he was sent to England for a level-headed education. After a year at Balliol College, Oxford, he enrolled for barrister studies at the Inner Temple, London.In 1947 Seretse Khama met an English woman of his age, Ruth Williams, daughter of a retired army officer. put in essays research papers The Good King of Bechuanaland 1819 to 1923Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their a ttempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland.Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps, which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirme d his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland.A brief biography of Sir Seretse Khama, Botswanas first presidentSeretse Khama (1921-80), founding President of Botswana, 1966-80. He inherited an impoverished and internationally obscure state from British rule, and left an increasingly democratic and prosperous country with a significant role in Southern Africa.Seretse Khama was born on 1 July 1921 at Serowe in the British protectorate of Bechuanaland. He was was the son of Sekgoma Khama, and the grandson of the internationally famous Kgosi Khama III (c.1835-1923), ruler of the Bangwato people of central Botswana. He was named Seretse-the clay that binds together-because of the recent reconciliation between his father and grandfather. Seretses mother, Tebogo Kebailele, had been chosen by Khama to be the new wife of the ageing Sekgoma. When Sekgoma died in 1925, four-year old Seretse was proclaimed Kgosi. His uncle Tshekedi Khama became regent and later sole guardian for him.The l onely and often sickly child was sent to boarding schools in South Africa, but developed into a healthy and gregarious adolescent sportsman. He attended Fort Hare University College and graduated with a general BA degree in 1944. In August 1945 he was sent to England for a legal education. After a year at Balliol College, Oxford, he enrolled for barrister studies at the Inner Temple, London.In 1947 Seretse Khama met an English woman of his age, Ruth Williams, daughter of a retired army officer.

Group Project for Strategic Management

We all know what SOOT stands for in the line of products world. There be the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. In a business the management leaders need to be aw be of the surroundings for any ideas that may come their way and to be developed and planned out to dress a profit and to hold the stakeholders to help make a difference. Apple is in the design, marketing, and development of soulal computers and software. Apple is also into digital music players, mesh topology solutions, and related accessories (King, 2009).In researching the Apple Corporation, they declare a very long history and although they had many changes from when they first started working out of a garage as a bobby they have definitely come a long way. Strengths First of all their strength Is In their technology. They have low debt and brand loyalty, they collaborated with Intel Computers in 2006, and they have a Strong Research & Development Department. Everything in this category is good bec ause it is inviolate and assures for a good future. Weaknesses Their weaknesses are more(prenominal) compelling than one might think.They are weak in relationship with Intel and Microsoft, a weak presence in the business arena, a weak presence in markets other than education and publishing, and a slow turn around on high demand products. This does non look good for any business. The reasoning behind this category is If they do not make a turnaround, they are going to lose more customers and their sales will go down and their future will look bleak. Opportunities Their opportunities are their online sales of computers are Increasing with rapid speed Apple Computers should focus to develop new models to cater to the need of customers.Their downloaded music for MPH players Is very marketable. That means more money for them and their colleagues. Threats Now Tort tenet tenants, ten apple steward Ana tenet cell phones are very expensive compared to other companies. The competition is strong and Apple does not look like they will catch up to them in the laptop division. For their downloaded music, people would prefer going to other sources to download apologise music instead of paying for it, so that does not look good for their tunes.Introducing the MINI COME CARRYALL Our computers will be less expensive and junior-grade enough to fit in a furrow or fanny pack it will also have mini discs. Let everyone know this community the new revelation in technology as the Mini Come Carryall, MAC for short. The plan is to set out to provide a new trade product, a new and improved computer with a new kind of footwear. Noticing that Apple has a problem with relationships with Intel and Microsoft tells us that they either do not send them or they think they are mind readers.This computer company wants to be there for everyone. We brush aside make the computer business better by qualification a change. The best way to go about acknowledging what another company has is b y researching. This company has found that Apple had gotten ideas from the fruit but not make an effort to comply with how to make it work. We will have a review of current measures by the measurement team to determine if they support the indicators if it does, then that ATA take to organize the strategic measures (Wells, 2003).We will have the Marketing staff going to events all around the United States and having them set up a place to seek to see what the customers like and dislike. However, like everything else there are always the pros and cons in strategies. Pros The benefits of globalization has resulted in companies looking for new ways of doing business, learning new techniques, affecting the software manufacturing process, and making funds available for global initiatives (Rumanians, 2010). Our computers will be less expensive and small enough to fit in a purse or fanny pack it ill also have mini discs.Let this company be known and the Mini Come Carryall, MAC for short . After the person have finished using or playing or anything with the computer, they fill out a survey answering the questions, how simple is the software that was Just time-tested and how they liked it, and what did they like most or least about it, and what are their thoughts on the new product and would they buy it? This is simple but yet affective. The schema that this computer company has come up with is very simple we have a plan to be there for the customer, to talk to our partners on weekly basis, and to have meetings once a month.The people that we hire for Data input will have the knowledge for the computer system. There will be internal and impertinent audits every week. We will also get rid of the overhead so our products will be better and less expensive. The opinions of a potential customer are worth more as a strategic plan than not advertising. The data processor will then input the numbers or garner into the system, then the results will be more tangible and mo re realistic and the numbers will be a true number to have a better outcome and to sell ore AT ten product .Free downloads Trot our Wesley wall make sure customers keep coming back. Cons As for the cons, many things can happen to where it will seem that it is a bad idea or plan. For example, not enough money but if the management plans it serious they will be able to rent cars and save money for the trip. Another thing is not be motivated and not hiring the right people. Some people might not like advertising in public, having a new market that they are unsure about with little or no training. Not having the right vendors is a waste of time and money. Buyers are being more cautious about investing.Not being in touch with the stakeholders and managers and not letting them know what is happening in the world of computers and software. Conclusion This paper has shown that the research about Apple Inc. With a SOOT analysis and pros and cons are more likely to happen if management is no t sure of a plan. This paper also introduced a new market in a mini computer. Strategic planning is a source of having the right tools and the right people to make new marketing ideas work for the company. Making the right choice of vendors will save time and money for going global.

History of the World in 6 Glasses Essay

Chapter 2 Civilized Beer1. The Land between 2 rivers is the Tigris and Euphrates rivers located in Mesopotamia (in the Fertile Crescent). The Worlds first cities arose in Mesopotamia, the land between the streams, the name addicted to the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (24, Standage), which meant that around this area most of the pile were hardworking. The problem about these two rivers though is that they had unexpected flooding and there was little rain. This is why at the time, goods, instead of being offerings to gods were, compulsory taxes that were consumed by the temple bureaucracy or traded for other goods and services (40, Standage). This only arose though because of the unpredictable weather and nature of the Mesopotamian environment.2. Mesopotamia and Egypt had many differences,, but they were both similar in virtuoso thing, Both cultures were made possible by an agricultural surplus, in particular an access of grain (25, Standage). It funded many a vast a mount of public kit and boodle/constructions to be possible such as canals, temples and pyramids and also freed a small elite of administrators and craftsmen from the need to produce their own food. Grain was the main national nutrition in both Mesopotamia and Egypt, refereed to as edible silver because it was consumed in both liquid and solid form.3. Grain was the basis of the national diet in both Egypt and Mesopotamia (26, Standage), it was consumed as not only beer, but clams too. Many people supplemented themselves with bread, beer, dates and onions (sometimes with meat and of course additional vegetables) Dates provided vitamin A, beer provided vitamin B and everything else added up to 3,5000 to 4,000 calories. They both had different ship canal of seeing how beer should actually be used sometimes but they both used it in the same way most of the time, for pleasure and to satisfy.4. Gilgamesh was a Sumerian kind who ru guide around 2700 BCE and tells s story that includes a wild man that becomes human by being introduced to beer and food by a woman, He drank the veer-seven jugs and became expansive and sang with joy He was elated and his face glowed he splashed his shaggy body with water and turned into human (27, Standage). Sumerian myths abnormal people by depicting the gods as veryfallible, human characters who enjoy eating and drinking, usually drinking too much Sumerian writing talent have also inspired how Egyptians starting writing.5. As in Mesopotamia, beer was thought to have ancient and mythological origins, and it appears in prayers, myths, and legends (28, Standage), not only in Mesopotamia did they rise beer to be sacred but in Egypt too, one tale even gives credits to beer with saving humankind from destruction, Mesopotamians and Egyptians alike saw beer as an ancient, god given drink that underpinned their existence, formed part of their cultural and religious identity, and had great social importance (29, Standage). In both cultu res, without beer, the meal wouldnt be complete. Beer is one of the reasons that led to the the arising of civilizations, mainly because it combined different social groups from high class to low class, from adults to children it let people have something in common, something they could share, no matter how much money you had or even your age.6. Originally, writing was invented to record the collection and distribution of grain, beer and other goods it arose as a continuation of the Neolithic custom of, using tokens to account for contributions to a communal storehouse (30, Standage). Since there was s surplus of food, Sumerian cities collected it usually as offerings to gods, but in practice were consumed by the temple to serve maintain public structures such as irrigation systems because of the unpredictable Mesopotamian environment. Later though, tokens were abandoned and pictograms came to represent numbers and even gods too, Having started out as a means of arrangement tax re ceipts and ration payments, writing soon evolved into a more flexible, expressive, and abstract medium (34, Standage).7. Our modern Latin alphabet can be traced hold up to the Mesopotamians and Egyptians. After tokens were abandoned, pictograms came to place depicting gods and numbers. By around 3000 BCE writing had evolved a little bit more, The end result was the first general-purpose form of writing, establish on wedge-shaped, or cuneiform, indentations made in clay tablets using reeds (24, Standage).8. Both civilizations barley and wheat, and their processed solid and liquid forms, bread and beer, became more than rightful(prenominal) staple foodstuffs they were convenient and widespread forms or payments and currency (25, Standage), people were paid for their work in loaves of bread and jars of beer even women and children were paid by this. The use of bread and beer as wages orcurrency mean that they became associated with prosperity and well-being, The ancient Egyptians ide ntified them so closely with the necessities of life that the phrase bread and beer meant sustenance in general their combined hieroglyphics formed the symbol for food (37, Standage). Beer was also used medically for both Egyptians and Mesopotamians.9. Since beer, being boiled, was less likely to be contaminated than water, it had the prefer of having ingredients dissolve easily in it. A cuneiform tablet from the Sumerian city of Nippur, contains a list of medical recipes based on beer, In Egypt, beers use as a mild sedative was recognized, and it was also the bass for several medical concoctions of herbs and spices Half an onion mixed with frothy beer was said to retrieve constipation, for example, while powdered olives mixed with beer cured indigestion a mixture of saffron and beer massaged into a womans abdomen was prescribed for labor form (38, Standage).10. Egyptians believed that their well-being in the afterlife depended on having a satisfying supply of breed and beer. A n ormal funerary offering consisted of bread, beer, oxen, geese, cloth, and natron, a purification agent, Scenes and models of create from raw stuff and baking have been found in Egyptian tombs, along with jars of beer (long since evaporated) and beer-making equipment (38, Standage). From emperors to ordinary citizens, they were all buried with a small or large jar of beer.

Marvel Comics Research Paper

In October 1939, the world required heroes. Hitler had recently attacked Poland. Britain, France, Australia and New Zealand had proclaimed war. The US remained unbiased but it was already taking the first steps towards the Manhattan Project and the making of the nuclear bomb. As Nazi Germanys shadow fell over Europe, it appe ard the major planet was on the edge of demolition. Who might save us? The response hit the newsstands when Timely Publications gave us wonderment Comics 1. Emerging between the usual romance, western and villainy magazines that lined the racks, wonder Comics was an alternate breed.Its cover demonstrated a gigantic orange figure, The Human Torch, melting bullets on his blazing chest. Inside, The Torch was joined by Namor the Sub-Mariner, an oceanic superhero from the Antarctic. The cover price was just ten cents. Over the past 70-odd days, wonder Entertainment has evolved from that first issue of Marvel Comics into one of the industrys leaders. Marvel Comic s weathered World War 2 (previous Editor-In-Chief Stan Lee took leave to do military service). It survived the opposition to comics in the 50s. It was restored throughout the 60s Silver Age.Troops in Vietnam carried X-Men comics in their rucksacks. Marvel watched the Berlin W every fall, survived 9/11 and even commended Obamas electon by letting the president make an appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man 583. So, is it an exaggeration to say that Marvel is an institution thats impacted on American pop culture with a force heavier than Thors hammer? Probably not. Marvels creations are instantly recognis adequate to(p) icons. Without Marvel and their long-time rivals Detective Comics (DC) the publishers of Superman and Batman the superhero as we know it wouldnt exist.And if superhero comics didnt exist you could kiss goodbye to the last 10+ years of super-powered summer tentpole movies. Its been proven now in the world of mass media that Marvel characters mean money, former Editor-In -Chief Joe Quesada commented. People are attracted to these characters. They love these characters. Theyre turn more and more relevant every day. They are now basically modern myths. Consistent with Marvel Comics legend, the story starts on a golf be given in 1961. Timely Publications head Martin Goodman was playing nine holes with one of the executives from comic merchant Independent News.This person specified that opponent DC Comics was creating sales from its umpire League Of America superhero title. It was a surprising bit of information to Goodman. Last hed realized, superhero comics were taking a loss, their introductory prominence throughout WW2 having dissipated in the 50s as romances, westerns and horror comics took over the market. Back in the workplace, Goodman requested his Editor-In-Chief Stan Lee to arrange an opponent comic. Working with craftsman Jack Kirby, Lee made The Fantastic Four. It was the base of an unfathomably fruitful couple of years.Between 1961 and 1963 Lee also made The X-Men, The Incredible Hulk, Thor, The Avengers, Iron Man and maybe their most popular of all Spider-Man. All of a fulminant superheroes were back in vogue and Lees remarkable brand of narrating revolutionised the comics business. The Marvel Age of Comics had begun. What separated Marvels superheroes from their peers was their humanity. Lees characters may have been able to turn invisible or set themselves on fire but they were real people first and foremost. They had foibles, they had weaknesses and if they were Peter Parker they struggled to get a date.I essay to give them authenticity by making them more realistic, Lee says of his original spandex-clad heroes. Who do you know who has a really perfect life? I mean, I dont care how rich the guy is, how sexy his wife is. Theres nobody who doesnt have a hard time. I mean, when we were doing those books, Kennedy seemed to have a perfect life, and he got shot Everybody has problems and everybody has secret s orrows. Since those early days, Marvel has gone from stength to strength actually surviving filing for bankruptcy in the 90s.In any case there was, up to this point, one thing that evaded it Hollywood success. The point when superhero movies first started to overwhelm the box office, from Superman (1978) to Batman (1989), they were all DC titles. Marvel never appeared to have the capacity to keep up, regardless of being purchased by film organization New World Pictures in 1986. Film rights were lashed to studios yet all we got was super-crap as The Punisher (1989) and direct-to-VHS Captain America (1990). At that point came sleeper hit Blade in 1998.The character was basically obscure, didnt even have his own special(a) comic book, and had been part of Tombs Of Dracula, reviews Arad. However the establishment went ahead to make $1 billion in income and prepared for X-Men (2000). X-men was a massive hit that put the Marvel Cinematic Universe where it is today. Suddenly Marvel Comi cs were contendors at the movies and the organization even set up its own film division Marvel Studios in the in the 90s. With such a rich back list to work with, it was a No-Brainer.Its multi-billion dollar deal with The Walt Disney Company demonstrates exactly how lucrative its characters are to Hollywood. Mouse star sign CEO Bob Iger depicts Marvel as a Treasure trove that transcends sex, age and geographical barriers. Disney, an organization that based fortunes on making franchises around guiding light characters, was a great partner. Previous Marvel studios CEO Avi Arad said I think this will look like a smart deal, he says, because Disney is a company that knows how to exploit a brand. Since being aquired by Disney, Marvel has grown to be the dominating factor in theaters.With its release of Ironman is 2008, Marvel took a big risk. Ironman set Marvel on a path, a 6-movie, 4-year path that led them straight to one of the most ambitious movies ever The Avengers. combine 5 franchises, 8 characters, preserving original cast members, keeping continuity in tact, and servicing fans of each character has to be one of the greatest feats ever hurdeled in movie history. Marvel has been a major influence on pop culture for 74 years and continues to grow. I personally connot wait to see what the in store(predicate) holds for Marvel Comics and Marvel Studios.

A Passage to India: A Few Observations

Edward Morgan Forster, a liberal humanist in his outlook ,shows in his novel A Passage to India the British imposing their order on this kaleidoscope of India .He in any case suggests that theirs is an order that is unnatural , lacking in imaginative understanding of the Indian context. In their dealings with the Indians , the British as a class ,operate only at the level of political and social duty. In other words their relationships with the Indians are those of the political and social roles they play. Ronny Heaslop puts the case of the British rulers when he says, We are out present to do justice and keep the peace..We are not pleasant in India and we dont intend to be pleasant.Weve something more important to do.In so far as the fact goes , this is a convincing description of the venal and shifty ways of Indians in their contacts with the British.But all these flaws, Forster takes pains to show are the personal effects of the humiliating and undignified rule of the British ov er the Indians. Unlike other critics of British rule, Forster does not question the veracious of the British to be in India. His main objection is that it is an order of force and will , not of love and understanding.Mr. Fielding in many ways appears to resemble E.M.Forster.The world he believed ,is a chunk of men who are trying to reach one another and can best do so by the help of goodwill plus nuance and intelligence.Dr. Aziz who has suffered numerous slights and humiliations from the British , now at last feels that Fielding is a true friend of the Indians No Englishman understands us except Mr. Fielding.The very first setting , where Dr. Aziz throws down his bicycle and enters a bitterly jocular discussion of Is it possible to be friends with an Englishman?, presents him as an animated, warm, impulsive, moody and somewhat childlike ,careless and sensitive gentleman.Sometimes he is kind, sometimes he is vindictive especially when he clamps brutal and revengeful demands upon hapless Adela after his release. Aziz, in MOSQUE section is somewhat conservative about his views on Islam.Lionel sound out is right to say of him, For good or bad he is human.Adela Quested , right from the beginning ,is intelligent, intellectual, eager to understand new things and experiencesShe goes on,Fielding says, as if shes at a lecturetrying hard to understand India and life and occasionally taking a note.She cannot tolerate prejudice and borrowed opinions and feels indignant at the English for being so ruthless in their treatment with the native Indians. But Adela in her own opinion is as follows, I can do his right and that right but when they are put together they come wrong.Thats the defect of my character.E.M.Forster has manifold messages to disseminate, but the main is to deal with the Indians in an amiable humanistic way. The meaning of the title of the first section is that like the ambience in the sanctum sanctorum Mosqueit imbues the dialectic of positive affirma tion.

Egyptian Art

They dedicated enormous resources to Egyptian rituals and the construction of temples. Because of their beliefs, they developed an exquisite and unique form of art. Their art work centered on their gods and the preparation for eternal life after death. They created sculptures, forms of pottery, paintings and hieroglyphs to decorate burial tombs for their eternal afterlife Journey. This civilization is the most well known for their massive sculptures, entirely they also created small sculptures made of stone, wood, and bronze.These were often a suture of a human body with the head of an animal (falcons). They were also known for their awing pottery made out of clay which held photographs of animals, people, and last but not least their gods. (Above, we can observe an image of the kneeling figure/sculpture of Hatchets. This image is located in page 67 or our eBook Art A Brief History. The actual sculpture can be found at the metropolitan Museum of Art in New York). The great Sphi nx of Gaza is probably one of the most mysterious monuments in the world today.The Great Sphinx is located near modern-day capital of Egypt Egypt and is a lion with a mans head, which is thought to be the head of the Pharaoh Cheapen the fourth king of the 4th Dynasty is believed to have been the brother or son of Cheeps, but the only problem is that there is no evidence that this temple was in fact built by Pharaoh Cheapen as there are no artifacts or identifying inscriptions of any kind. This isomorphic mythological figure has its origins in sculpted figures from Old Kingdom Egypt and it was the Greeks who named it Sphinx which in Greek hydrology meant female monster or strangler.The Egyptians fundamentally told us everything about them through their art. Their art revealed to us their beliefs and ways of life. Their art also revealed to us about economical and political changes of their time and so more than more. References Stoked, Coterie (2010). Art A Brief History 4th Editi on. Pearson Education up 56 75. Http//www. Schenectady. Org/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-c-eancient- cultures- 1 ancient-Egypt/a/Egyptian-art http//www. Crystalline. Com/sphincters. HTML

Cultural Differences in Perception

The cultural cast of difference in focus and categorization In the research article, The influence of culture holistic versus analytic perception provided by Richard E. Nisbett and Yuri Miyamoto, there is evidence that perceptual processes are influenced by culture. The research open up that Western cultures focus on salient objects and use rules and categorization for purposes of organizing the environment, whereas, East Asian cultures focus more holistically on relationships and similarities among the objects when organizing the environment.In an illustrative study both rural Chinese and American children were shown a picture of a man, a woman, and a baby. The Chinese children tended to group the woman and the baby because of the relationship between the two, a woman takes care of a baby. American children tended to group the man and the woman because they are both adults. The results indicated that culture influences late stages of perception and categorization.In another stud y East Asians and European Americans were presented with the Rod-and-Frame Test. In this test a rod or line is shown inside a tack, which can be rotated around the rod. The participants were asked to state when the rod appeared vertical even if the position of the frame was in a dissimilar position. The East Asian participants make more errors than the European American participants. This indicated that the East Asians were attending more to the whole national which made it difficult to ignore the frame.It was found that East Asians not only attended more to the field, but they noticed it earlier, remembered more about it, and related the object to the field in memory. Additional evidence that Asians pay more attention to linguistic context comes from work by Masuda and Nisbett. They presented American and Japanese participants with two animated pictures of a farm. The two pictures had various small differences in details. Some of the changes differed in focal objects and other changes were made in the field and relationships between objects.The findings showed small differences in styles of attending to culture in the environment. In conclusion Nisbett and Miyamoto found, considerable evidence that shows that Asians are inclined to attend to, dig and remember contexts and relationships whereas Westerners are more likely to attend to, perceive and remember the attributes of salient objects and their category memberships (Paragraph 10). Eye-movements during scene perception In the past hundred years, cultural differences in perceptual judgment and memory have been observed.It has been found that Westerners pay more attention to focal object whereas East Asians pay more attention to contextual information. Hannah Faye Chua, Julie E. Boland, and Richard E. Nisbett wrote a research article, Cultural variation in eye movement during scene perception in which they studied such cultural differences. They examined the possibility that the differences came from c ulturally different viewing patterns when confronted with a nature scene.The authors did so by measuring the eye movements of both American cultured individuals and Chinese cultured individuals while they viewed photographs with a focal object in a multifactorial punctuate. They found that the Americans fixated more on focal objects and the Chinese participants paid more attention to the background. It appeared to Nisbett, Boland, and Chua that the differences in judgment and memory may have come from differences in what is actually attended as people view a picture.In the study performed by Nisbett, Boland, and Chua participants were asked to sit in front of a computer screen with a head-mounted eye-movement tracker. The individual would start the session by looking at a plus sign in the middle of a black screen followed by a scenic picture. The findings from study Easterners and Westerners differ in assigning information to objects versus backgrounds. The East Asians were less l ikely to correctly recognize old foregrounded objects when presented in sweet back grounds.Providing more evidence that East Asians appear to bind objects with backgrounds in perception. Therefore the cultural differences in visual memory are likely caused by how people from Eastern and Western cultures view scenes and are not only due to cultural norms. American participants looked at the foregrounded object sooner and longer than the Chinese whereas the Chinese looked more at the background than the Americans did. It is thought that this is due to the fact that East Asians live in relatively complex social networks. Thus, attention to context is important for effective functioning.Westerners, however, live in less constraining social worlds that stress independence which allows them to pay less attention to context. Thought habits in different cultures In the research done by Nisbett and his colleges it is found that individuals not only think about different things but think dif ferently over all. In all the studies it was found that Easterners think more holistically, paying more attention to context and relationship and relying more on experience-based knowledge than abstract logic and showed more tolerance for contradiction.Westerners are more analytic, tending to detach objects from their context to avoid contradiction. They relied heavily on formal logic. The Asian participants in the studies showed greater attention to the background of scenes than the objects in the background whereas the Americans showed greater attention to the objects. When it came to interpreting events in the social world, the Asians seemed similarly sensitive to context more quickly than the Americans did. This can cause different views when perceiving world events.

Succubus on Top CHAPTER 7

We stood grow in the bedroom, frozen, both of us too terrified to blink. Downstairs, the door turn out and footsteps could be clearly perceive on the strenuouswood floor. A low murmur of voices drifted up, the words inaudible.What are we personnel mundanety to do? I whispered. no(prenominal)visual we might be, but I still didnt want to slink through the house with others around. It would also piddle leaving inconspicuously a problem.Bastien frowned, apparently trying to discern the words below. Those are tot anyy potent voices. Not Dana. Come on.He grabbed my arm, and we crept out into the hallway where we could hear more clearly.You confident(predicate) they arent approaching shell? asked an anxious voice.Yup. Theyll be out til, worry, mid night.Cool.Bastien grinned at me. Reese, he breathed.Reese. The son. The son who was supposed to be down the alley at a friends house. That was better than Dana, but still embarrass. I shot Bastien a questioning look. Whats he doin g here? I mouthed.Bastien shrugged by way of answer and moved for me to follow him the balance wheel of the way downstairs. Reese and his friend obliviously do enough noise to c everyplace any of our movements.I hadnt really seen Reese yet and was curious. Id expected a clean-cut, duteous altar-boy type, but he seemed perfectly average in that sullen, T-shirt wearing sort of way. He had Danas threatening hair and blue eyes, paired with just about of Bills unfortunate facial features. His friend had extensive hair and wore a beat-up army coat with jeans.Where should we do it? asked the friend.Reese glanced around. Outside. Otherwise theyll smell it later.Okay. besides roll it in here.They huddle around the kitchen table. Reese produced a tin of rolling papers and a plastic Baggie with enough marijuana in it to keep a family of five stoned for a week.The friend skillfully rolled an enormous joint, and the boys took it outside, going out the express(prenominal) door wed come in. Bastien and I exchanged glances, both of us barely retention back hysterical laughter. We walked into the still-dark living room and stood at the window, observation the boys outside. They left all the outdoor lights come to, non wanting to attract neighborly attention. The joint made a pinpoint of orange light in the blackness as they passed it back and forth.Oh my God, I gasped. This upright unslopedified the hale break-in.Bastiens expression was speculative. by chance we buttocks use this against her.I turned on him. What? Come on. Hes just a kid. No motivation to disembowel him down with her. Besides, if I had his parents, Id want to be high too. Bastien looked momentarily uncertain, in the long run yielding with a runty nod. Okay. Youre right. So. You want to finish the bedroom and then draw out? I doubt theyre going to denounce much going on around them. We went back upstairs, still hoping for s light incriminating photo or piece of paper. No such luck.We l eft Reese and his friend alone, using the front door to make our substantiateaway. in one case we were safely back at Bastiens, we settled into the immaculate living room, defeated.Well. That was pointless, I said.Not entirely. Bastien reached into his pocket and tossed oer Reeses plastic bag.I caught it and tidyed up in my chair. Jesus H. Christ You swiped that poor kids pot?He shouldnt befuddle left it out exchangeable that.I held it up. It was half-full. Theres a special hell for people like you.Yeah, I own a condo in that respect. Besides, its for his own good. Pots a gateway drug, you know. I masst cerebrate this. You dont sound off theyre going to nonice this is missing?Nah. By the time they come back in, theyll be so far done for(p) they wont remember where they left it. Theyll spend the next few days accusing each other of losing it.I shook my head. I know Ive said it before, but this really is a new low. IIm so shocked now, I dont plain know what to do.7 do.An hou r later, we were both on the floor, giggling endlessly, though I wasnt entirely sure what nigh. Bastien passed the joint to me, and I took a hit off it, sighing happily. I handed it back.Im not studying Monique wasnt a bitch, he was explaining, but you pull in to admit, she knew how to get things done.I leaned against the back of the couch, letting my head roll around on the cushions. Yeah, butshe wasyou know, sloppy. Like, no creativity whatsoever. Being in the business isnt just about sex. Its aboutpridepride in your work.He inhaled and passed the joint back. Oh, she had pride in her work, believe me. Used to ride me like a horse. He paused a moment, then started laughing. She totally did me proud.I sit back up. What, you slept with her?Sure, why not?I poked him with my foot. You fucking slut.Look whos calling the cauldron black.Kettle. Its a kettle. frustrate your metaphors right. That wasnt a metaphor. It was a, you know He stared off into space, blinking. One of those thing s thats symbolic of another thing. But isnt the same thing. secure like it.You mean(a) a metaphor?No Its like a storylikea pr overb Thats it.Im pretty sure that wasnt a proverb. maybe it was an analogy. I dont judge so.Look, I know these things. I work in a ohOh what?How am I going to get internal?Youre leaving? Or is that an analogy?Im not leaving yetbut you drove meyou whoremongert drive me back.Sure I can. I feel fine.You wish. I havent smoked that much.I rummaged through my purse, found my cell phone, and dialed the head start number in it. Beside me, Bastien muttered about analogies plot of land staring entranced at the smoke swirling off the joint.Hello? answered curing. We hadnt really intercommunicate since our awkward morning.Hey, its me.Hey.SoI, uhneed a favor.What is it? When I didnt say anything right away, he asked, You still on that point? You okay?Yeah I started laughing uncontrollably. I am 50 okay.Urn, all right. What do you need?It took me a moment to re member. A ride.A ride?Yeah. A ride.Bastien made a rude gesture at the mention of a ride, and I kicked him again. I gave the address to a clearly confused exercise set and then disconnected.Idiot I yelled at Bastien, eventide though I thought the precisely situation was hilarious, as did he. I went in for a tackle. What were you The doorbell rang. Our eyes went wide as we froze mid-grapple, scare flooding us like two kids who had just been busted hardcore.Shit, I said.Damn. That author drives fast.Its not him, you dork. Dont move. Theyll go away.He lumbered to his feet. NoI gotta see who it is perhaps its Jack Danielscould use a drinkDont do it I begged, suddenly terrified for no reason I could identify.He turned invisible and strolled over to the door. Half a second later, he came tearing back. Its Dana Shes back early. He ran his hand frantically over Mitchs neat, blonde hair. Whats she want? Whats she doing here?Maybe she wants Reeses pot back.This is my chance Shes here alo ne. She wants me. Quick. He yanked my arm and dragged me to the stairs. I cried out in surprise. Get out of sight. Throw that away.Im not throwing this away Besides, you dont think shell notice that your whole fucking house smells like this? Jesus. Your pupils are the size of her granny panties. Virtuous or not, she isnt stupid. meet go Hurry Dont come down.Grumbling, I went upstairs while Bastien scurried to the door. Turning invisible, I sat cross-legged at the top of the stairs and unbroken smoking. Below, I comprehend him greet Dana.Well, hello, he bellowed. Sorry if I kept you waitingI was He trailed off stupidly, and I shook my head. Sloppy, sloppy. He would have never been at a loss for words sober, but then, his sober self would have immediately noticed the rage afoot. I wasum, busy. Upstairs.I see, replied Dana. Her tone was in one case again set to cool and trendal. I decided Bastien had imagined the agile and friendly rapport he kept claiming they had when alone. Wel l, I apologize for disturbing you, but when I dropped off the cookies earlier, I think I may have lost an earring.I straightened up. Cookies? He hadnt mentioned that. Maybe he was making progress after all. Cookies. I wondered what smorgasbord shed brought. Peanut butter? Chocolate chip? Oh. Maybe even white chocolate macadamia.He and Dana commenced a search for the earring, coming up empty. The whole time, Bastien act to act like he wasnt stoned, but Dana couldnt have been fooled. Not with those cyborg eyes of hers. Hell, I didnt even need to see it. The audio track alone was entertaining enough.Meanwhile, I couldnt stop thinking about those goddamned cookies. They sounded good. Really good. Suddenly, I wanted them more than Id ever wanted anything in my life.Well, I heard Dana say, I must have lost it somewhere else. Thanks for tone.Sorry I couldnt help you.Its all right. She allowed an elegantly crafted pause. Isnt that Tabithas purse over there? Is she here?Oh, shit. I had a flavor Bastien was thinking the same thing.Uh, well, yeahbutum, shes upstairs lying down, he faltered. Has a headache.Oh, thats too bad. Did she take anything for it?Um, yeah, she did.I looked at the joint. Had I ever.Bastien and Dana started talking about something else, and I decided then that I had to get those cookies. I was starving. The lovebirds sounded like they had moved to the living room, so I could sneak invisibly down the stairs and raid the kitchen without them knowing. stand up, I gift the joint out in the upstairs bathroom and moved on to my collusive descent. Pot doesnt usually mess with motor control the way alcohol can, but it can for sure distract you from ordinary things. Like watching where youre going.About three steps down, my foot slipped out from to a cut back place me.I uttered a sailor-worthy expletive and slid painfully down the rest of the way, landing hard on my butt at the bottom, my legs twisting into unnatural positions underneath me. I had barely enough sense to outing back to a visible Tabitha, lest Bastien and Dana think a clumsy ghost had just fallen down. A moment later, they came running.What happened? exclaimed Bastien. He sounded more upset about the interruption than my immediate health.II tripped sounding down, I tried moving my left ankle to a more comfortable position. I winced. It equipment casualty like hell, but at least it moved.Well, he said crisply, so long as youre okay. Im sure youll want to go and Okay? Dana gave him an incredulous look. We need to get her to the couch so she can straighten that out.Oh no, I protested, seeing Bastiens murderous expression. IIm finereallyBut there was no controversy with Dana. She support me under one arm, and he took the other. I hobbled over to the couch, putting my weight only on the right foot. Once I was stretched out, she pushed my jeans up over my calf and felt the ankle with cautious, expert precision, carefully examining each inch. I appreciated her s olicitous concern and apparent first-aid know-how, but the thought of this wretched char touching my leg repulsed me. Besides, what I really wanted were those cookies. Fuck my ankle.It doesnt feel broken, she finally decided. Probably just a sprain, lucky for you. We should ice it.When Bastien neither did nor offered anything useful, she went into the kitchen. I could hear her opening drawers and the freezer.Do you hatred me or something? he hissed once we were alone.This wasnt my fault, I countered. I think youve got a defective stair.Defective my ass. The only thing thats defective is your sense of timing. Do you know how close I was to scoring? close? Close? Not to use a cliche, but hell was closer to freezing over than you were to scoring. I dont think she really goes for the babbling, high kind of guy.I wasnt babbling. And theres no way she knows Im high.Oh, come on. If you were any higher, youd I shut my mouth as Dana returned with the ice pack. She knelt by my feet and car efully set the pack on the injured ankle. I grimaced at the sudden change of temperature, but the shocking cold did numb the throbbing.Still concerned, she surveyed the rest of my lower leg with those sharp eyes. Again, she felt around the ankle area, her hands gently touching here and there. She frowned. I could be wrong about how serious it is. You should keep icing it and take ibuprofen. If it doesnt get better in a couple days, go see your doctor.Thanks, I said, looking away. Honestly, what I found most disconcerting now was how sincerely concerned she seemed. Maybe wed misjudged her all along. Nah.Well, breezed Bastien, if Tabby Cats okay, maybe we should go to the kitchen and have some coffee Do you know how it happened? Dana asked me, ignoring him.Ohjust a misstep I thinkor maybe the stair is defective.I doubt theres anything wrong with the stairs, said Bastien. Tabithas always been clumsy, thats all. Its legendary in our family.Dana, oblivious to me conspicuous at the incu bus over the slam to my gracefulness, glanced over at my shoes sitting near the door. They were strappy and black, with three-inch heels. are those what youve been wearing? She fixed me with a stern, motherly look. I know how strong societal pressure can be in making you think you need to fit a certain mold. But walk around in shoes like that all day will do serious defame to your feet. Not only that, they send a message that you have no shame when it comes to The doorbell rang then. no(prenominal) of us moved at first, and then Bastien rose, looking amazed that this night could get any worse.Dana dropped her mechanical press lecture and switched to a medical one. You really need to be careful with this. Too much render will agitate it. Bastien returned a moment later with an utterly puzzled Seth, whom I suspected had no idea who had just let him in. Indeed, his bewilderment grew as he scanned Dana and me, no doubt wondering if he had the right house.Hi Seth, I said pointedly, in too loud of a voice, thanks for coming to pick me up.He continued to stare, and then the faintest gleam of understanding showed in his eyes. Hed seen me shape-shift clothes often, but this was the first time hed ever seen me in another body.Dana looked around big(p)ly.Oh, I said, my mind still running a little slow from the pot. This is, um, Seth. Seth, Dana.Hello, she said, rising smoothly and shaking his hand. Nice to meet you.Um, yeah. You too. I had a feeling he would bolt if given half a chance.Seth is Tabithas boyfriend, explained Bastien. I imagine theyll want to be on their way now.Id heard you were single. How long have you two been dating? she asked, steering us toward casual conversation.Neither of us answered. A couple months, I said at last, wondering if my virtue was once again beingness assessed.She make a facial gestured. How nice.I started feeling those creepy vibes again, and suddenly I did want to leave. I tried to sit up, and she rushed to my side. Someon e grab her other arm.When Bastien didnt move, Seth was finally spurred into action. He supported my other side and helped me stand. It was clear, however, that touching me in this body unnerved him, and he tried to manage it while staying as far away from me as possible. Consequently, all of his movements seemed awkward and unnatural, and no doubt Dana thought we were even weirder than before.She and Seth helped me to the car, Bastien following with a pout. When I was hardened in the passenger seat, Dana offered a few theatrical role words of instruction to both Seth and me on how to care for the ankle.Thanks for the help, I told her.Happy to. Just try to be more careful from now on. She glanced at her watch. Well. I should probably go home myself.Do you have to? asked Bastien stupidly. Er, I mean, no need to feel rushedThank you, but no. Bill will wonder what happened to me.I saw her walk back to her house as Seth pulled out. I also saw the look on Bastiens face. The morning afte r was not going to be pretty.We were almost in the city when Seth finally spoke. Can youuhyou knowchange? This is really weird.Huh? I had been staring bleary-eyed out the window, intrigued by the blur of city lights. Oh. Yeah.A moment later, I was the Georgina Kincaid he knew.Thanks. So, uhI dont suppose I really want to know what was going on back thereNope. I craned my head to look in the backseat. You really dont.What are you doing?You dont have any cookies back there do you?Uhno. Im all out.I sighed and sank into my seat. I am starving. I dont think I can hold on much longer. You sure you dont have any other food?The ghost of a smile curled his lips. Nope. Sorry. You want to stop somewhere?YesHe pulled into a Taco Bell drive-thru, looking affect when I gave him my order. When it came up, he wordlessly handed me my bag of four tacos, two bean burritos, and a tostada. I dove into them before hed even accelerated away.When we got back to my place, he didnt give me the chance to t humb in. He scooped me up effortlessly, almost like ONeill might have in one of his novels. If not for me being stoned and clinging to a taco, it would have been terribly romantic.You think Im a freak, dont you? I asked, once I was situated in bed and he sat on its edge. Seth had tended me once before, after a night of heavy drinking. I felt so irresponsible compared to him.Well, the tostada was kind of excessive, but Ive seen freakier.Noyou know. I mean I hesitated. Well, you may not realize this, but Ive sort of been smokingsome stuff.Yeah. I kind of picked up on that.Oh. Well. Sorry. I bit into one of the burritos savagely.Why are you apologizing?Becausewell, you dont do this.Do what? tummy pot. Or drink. Geez, you even avoid caffeine. Dont you think Im like, I dont knowcorrupt?Corrupt? He laughed. Hardly. Anyway, you dont think Ive ever done any of that?The idea was just shocking enough to give me pause. I put my gluttony on hold. WellI dont know. I just figured, well, no. Eithe r that, or you had some tragic historylike you got drunk and hit a mailbox or took off all your clothes in public and now avoid all such vices.That would be tragic. But rest easy, I indulged in plenty of vices in college. Thats why it took me six years to graduate. Well, that and changing my major a few times. In the end, I just decided to abstain altogether. Didnt like myself otherwise. Sobrietys better for writing, and I say too many stupid things when Im drunk or high.Yeah, I said uneasily, trying to remember what Id said tonight. It was kind of a haze. So you dont think Im likeI dont know, a shameless lush?Nope. So long as you dont do yourself harm. He eyed the ankle suspiciously. It doesnt matter to me. Honestly, half the reason I like you is because youre soI dont know. You like life. He looked away from my eyes, amused as his thoughts spun, considering. Youre fearless. Bold. Not panicked to enjoy yourself. You just go out there and do what you want. I like the whirlwind you exist in. I envy it. Its funny, really. He smiled. I used to think I wanted someone exactly like me, but now I think Id be bored to death with another version of myself. Im surprised I dont bore you sometimes.I gaped. Are you kidding? Youre the most interesting person I know. Aside from Hugh maybe. But then, he installs breast implants and buys souls. Thats a hard combination to beat. But hes not nearly as cute.Seths smile increased, and he squeezed my hand. Silence fell between us again, but this time it was kind of cozy.Thanks for rescuing me, I said slowly, and forwellI mean, Im sorry about last night. Sorry I shut down.His face sobered. No, Im sorry. I shouldnt have No, I said firmly. Dont blame yourself. It was me too. My fault too. And really, I was the one who started it. I should have just talked to you about it then. Especially after you made me pancakes this morning. You know, those suddenly sound really good again. I looked at him meaningfully.We shouldnt have done what we didin bedbut, at least we did manage to stop. Thats worth something.I nodded, crumpling up the Taco Bell bag and tossing it across the room into my wastebasket. Score.He studied me, eyes strong and affectionate. He sighed and turned pensive again. There apparently was more seriousness to come. Id like to try dormancy together again, but I supposewe should take a break from that. I mirrored his sigh. Yeah. I suppose. Remembering something, I cocked my head and gave him a sharp look. Hey, hypothetically and Im not offering this, so dont get any ideas would you, like, give up offset of your life to sleep with me? Er, but I meannot actually sleep He laughed out loud, the laughter underscored with a wry edge. Thetis, Id give up part of my life to do any number of things with you.My interest flared. Like what?Wellisnt it obvious?I leaned toward him. Maybe I was still high and suffering from weed-induced horniness and hey, in another reality, shouldnt we have been entitled to symb olise sex? but I suddenly and desperately wanted to hear him articulate what he wanted to do to me. Tell me.He shook his head. I cant. You know how I am. His eyes narrowed intently. I could maybeI could maybe write it for you, though.Really? Not in published story form this time?Yes, not in published story form.Id like that.I must have looked expectant because he laughed. Not tonight, Thetis. Not tonight. I think we both need some sleep.I was scotch but could see the wisdom here. Having more time would ensure some good writing, I guessed. Furthermore, it was hard to be too sad when the tension from last nights mishap appeared to be gone. Our rapport and affection had returned, and watching him, I felt my feelings for him practically increase by the second. We chatted a bit more, and then he kissed me lightly on the mouth and rose. I wistfully watched him go, wishing he were staying.Drifting off to sleep, I finally contented myself by thinking about all the things I wanted to do to him. It was a long list, and I was out before even getting through a fraction of it.

Nature of Human Being and reason for beingg

From the Catholics point of view, if we look at the watchword basing room the Old Testament, we concord committed sin from the day Adam and Eve bit the orchard apple tree and this perhaps as ever so an excuse of valets when they commit mistakes. If we consider science on piece evolution, they would say that we were once came from the family of ape, this also affects the perception towards the behavior of gentleman beings because they perceived humans as high level of the animal kingdom and again have the tendency to commit mistakes. unless going deeper, do we re aloney are born to make mistakes?Or in order to achieve perfections we needed to remove sessions by going through the mistakes. For me, the nature of human being and how he exist Is affected by a lot of factors, say by surround, circumstances, upbringing , beliefs etc. We sometimes make decisions not soundly think of but because of what we feel or sometimes how other will perceived It as ripe or wrong. This is be cause our behaviors are affected by the norms set by the environment w here(predicate) we are living or somehow affected by culture that was inculcated in our minds from the day we were born or even when we were gloss over in the womb of our mother.This somehow defines the right and wrong of our action, each human being has his own definition of how we see righteousness and what seems to be not right in our perspectives. We are naturally Influenced by the environs but at the end of the day we always see goodness In every human, we always cogitated that whatever the actions or even mistakes committed, we dont completely removed the idea that somehow there is kindness or goodness in the heart of every human being. I guess, the nature of human being is not imperfectly perfect but we tend to dream of having almost close to perfect life.Contentment and satisfaction is always a challenging word for us. Linking this to genuine happiness adds more heaviness to the word, because, It gives us freedom to guide our own happiness and yet In choosing, we consider circumstances, families, other factors that might impact the happiness we postulate to have for our own lives. True to the saying, that no man is an island, which man cannot live alone, he needs to be with somebody to show his affection, emotion and love in either way.And this drives us also to do goodness, because we believe hat there is somebody, who can accept us, our faith directs us to do goodness and always designers for everything we do, and somehow, sometimes being human we tend to forget this, because we perceived that we do not have a choice. But in reality we do, if we do have choices as human being, we have the freedom to think, how to act. The nature of human being for me is the same for each and every one but it only differs when influential factors sets in curiously the culture that affects all our situations and ways of thinking.Reasons of Being For me being is the debates of existence. But how do we define reasons of being? why humans do exists? In my own point of view, we were not born out of nowhere. Culture, religion, science environment may happened to affect our existence. We mimic sometimes other personalities or idols that we see or we believed reflect how we postulate to live our lives. And somehow this gives us directions of our being. Our reasons of being are unending process, it is like a cycle, when we almost are done to end something, and then it gives us another open door to begin on something.A electric shaver is born, his path sometimes is being mapped out already by his parents, but the moment he sees his environment, he began to seek things on his own and do things from one way to another until he accomplish something and explore on another thing. We do not seem to be satisfied with having Just any reason for living but we want to find deeper core of our existence. We tend to look for our purpose in the society, in humanity or in our day to day ex istence. The reason for being is because we want to see the meaning of life, we want to know where will it take us and how far can we affect others by our existence.In expiry The nature of human being is naturally with flaws, we are not perfect but this should not be an excuse for stopping us to be a good person. Committing mistakes will lead us to discipline and accept that we are human beings, and like a child we are a work in progress in becoming a better individual, or be the best of what we can be. I happened to read a book the Purpose driven life written by Rick Warren, it is almost t the Journey of knowing Gods purpose for your life and gives us understanding of the big picture ? how all the pieces of your life fit together.The reason of existence of eyeing is based on how or what we believe that drives us to what we do or we want to have in life. But personally, being a catholic I believed that my reason of being is because I have a purpose to serve God through my interac tions with other human beings. To return the favor to others by showing goodness and kindness, and exerting effort to live what the God has wanted us to be. My reason of being is to know the meaning of life and how to experience it. I believe that my life here on earth is Just a preparation of the beginning of my new life when I have the opportunity to see God face to face.

Eyewitness Testimony as a Source of Reliable Evidence

witness witness as a source of reli sufficient designate In semblance to cognitive psychology, is witness deposition reli open in nows judicial system? raillery Count 3944 ABSTRACT Is witness tri excepte a true source of evidence in todays judicial system? many a(prenominal) jurors tend to represent close charge to eyewitness recommendation assuming that what they hear is exactly as it happened. They ignore the psychology behind cerebrateing an pointt. Our brain is a complex structure and it is difficult to absorb any stimulus in our surrounding.We pay great attention to just ab appear aspects of a situation while completely ignoring others. It is advisable for expert psychologists to be present during a court effort that involves eyewitness attestation, as they argon more(prenominal) awargon of its flaws. We store breeding in schemes and when we gain new companionship it is castrateed in order to sound these dodgings. in the lead psychologists such as Elizabeth Loftus, Neil bartlett and Yullie & Cutshall throw off carried bring out look into in order to demonstrate how our reposition merchant ship be altered by psychological genes such as lead doubtfulnesss, rejuvenateive stock and weapon focus.This interrogation paper contains a vast number of experiments and studies d wizard in order to illustrate the unreli might of our w atomic number 18housing and whether courts should rely on eyewitness affirmation as a prime source. Age and gender too serve as factors that solve eyewitness testimony. Through research and analysis, it is concluded in this paper that eyewitness testimony should non be given superiority over other actual evidence presented, as our memory is the least reliable source.It is worthwhile to carry out further investigation about the case if eyewitness testimony is the only evidence available, as foolish testimonies could lead to an naive single(a) being charged guilty. Word Count 260 CONTENTS Abstract .. rascal 2 Introduction .. Page 4 Discussion. Page 7 Misleading Questions Page 7 Anxiety and Stress.. Page 9 Weapon Focus Page 11Reconstructive Memory. Page 11 Confident deposition. Page 14 Age. Page 15 Gender. Page 16 Conclusion Page 17 References . Page 19 INTRODUCTION The reli cleverness of eyewitness testimony has often been questioned in cases of hatred and violence but yet the judicial system take cares to ignore its flaws. Numerous psychologists cause carried out experiments and studies regarding this issue.Eyewitness testimony has a large psychological background that judges, lawyers and the venire seem to ignore. Our ability to remember plastered situations and sheaths snow-whitethorn be separate outed according to the condemnation and blot that the topic occurred or the sentence and place that the eyewitness testimony is given. Cognitive psychologists know carried out pro rig research about this phenomenon and have found that eyewitness testimony slew be related to forgiving schemas, reconstructive memory and our ability to remember. The knowledge we have gained from the world is stored in our brain as an organized package of nurture called a schema.The schema theory kingdoms that the knowledge we have already gained through our life has a major influence on what we remember. According to Cohen (1986) as cited in Gross (64), the tender mind uses past experiences in order to sell with new experiences. Our behavior is guided by the set of schemas that we have in our brain. The new experiences that we guinea pig are non just replicated into our memory but instead are reconstructed in order to fit our schemas. The reconstruction of memory is an active process and happens throughout our life (Gross, 64). Therefore, how we perceive an concomitantidet is strongly influenced by our past experiences.Human memory is seen as an unreliable source when we apply the idea of reconstructive and instructive nature of memory to eye witness testimony. The probability of plurality being wrongly accused increases as the richness of eyewitness testimony in the cases of accidents and crimes increases, and therefore the guilty do non come to justice (Gross, 64). Many experiments conclude that law professionals and judges rely and place their decisions on eyewitness testimony, hitherto, researchers investigated on situations whereby the inculpable had been accused.As cited in Millers word (2006), Gary Wells (1998) researched on forty such cases and with the help of desoxyribonucleic acid testing it was found that all forty convicted suspects were actually innocent. The witnesses wrongfully accused the suspects in thirty-six of these cases. The human brain has a limited capacity to deal with the incoming information but yet every moment we encounter a large variety of stimuli like sights, sounds and smells. However, as mentioned above if we encounter stimuli which interlocking with our schemas, we reconstruct o ur memory in order to fit our chemas. The human brain therefore focuses on some aspects of the situation while ignoring the others in order to cope with the sensory barrage. This process of choosing stimuli is called selective attention. Eyewitnesses tend to get together information that relates to their interests and may ignore other vital aspects of the event (Glassman, 5). It is difficult for witnesses to reconsider their initial intellect once they have stated facts in a specific way or have already indentified an individual as the performer, due to the reconstruction of their memory (e. . once an eyewitness recognizes an individual in a line-up it is likely for them to recognize the same individual in later line-ups even though that individual may non be the performer). venires place great opinion on eyewitness testimony and ignore the dangers of false memories (Engelhardt, n. d). In view of these findings, this work bequeath investigate the extent to which eyewitness tes timony is reliable in todays judicial system focusing on major factors that influence our memory and ability to remember.Cognitive psychology plays a major role in this investigation as it involves the idea of memory and schemas. DISCUSSION An account given by people of an event they have witnessed (Eyewitness proof psychological science) is commonly referred to as an eyewitness testimony. One may be asked to recall the event they witnessed and describe what happened. Jurys tend to find eyewitness testimony to be a reliable source of information and pay close attention to it, but the witness may have had a hard time remembering the event and the testimony could be inaccurate.Research make by a number of psychologists regarding eyewitness testimony found that it could be modifyed by many psychological factors such as leading questions, anxiety and stress, weapons and reconstructive memory (Eyewitness recommendation Psychology). Factors such as age and gender could also hit the way in which individuals remember events. Influence of psychological factors on eyewitness testimony Misleading questions American psychologist, Elizabeth Loftus, represented the application of Cognitive psychology to the real world.Her experiments show how misleading information could cause eyewitnesses to reconstruct their memories (Gross, 64). A leading question is a question that contains information previously un cognize to the witness. In one of her studies with Palmer (Loftus and Palmer, 1974) as cited in the article Memory (Psychology), the participants watched a videotape that showed an automobile accident consisting of two cars. subsequently watching the videotape the participants were presented with a questionnaire whereby the question was altered for groups of participants.One question asked, About how fast were the cars deviation when they hit for each one other? For other participants the verb hit was replaced by firm, collided, bumped, or contacted. Even though a ll participants viewed the same videotape, their speed estimates differed considerably depending on how the question was asked. When the verb contacted was used, the average speed estimate was 32 mph, when the verb was hit it was 34 mph, 38mph when it was bumped, 39 mph when it was collided, and 41 mph when it was smash.Loftus carried out a follow up believe a week later whereby she asked the participants whether there was any broken glass in the videotape. Participants that were presented with the verb smashed were twice as likely to remember any broken glass than the participants that were presented with the verb hit. The information that came in practically later after the original event had occurred incorporated with that event, hence causing the original even to be remembered in a different way. The introduction of false signs misrepresented the participants memories (Memory (Psychology)).The power of misleading questions is demonstrated in the above study by Loftus & Palmer. An answer is determined by how the question is asked. The tendency to manipulate ones memory of an event when later exposed to misleading information about it is known as the misinformation effect. The witnesss memory could be affected by questions asked by the police, friends or attorneys. reconstruction of memory could also take place if information about the case or crime comes in weeks or months later. This may revision what the witness has to say on the witness stand (Memory (Psychology)).The questions and information presented in the courtroom may cause the witness to remember the incident differently and the eyewitness testimony becomes inaccurate. Leading questions lead to the reconstruction of memory in order for the new information to fit into our already animated schemas. Leading questions therefore have the tendency to impinge on eyewitness testimony unreliable in todays judicial system. It is important for lawyers to know about the consequences of these questions and therefore construct their questions well. Anxiety and stressalong with leading questions it is said that anxiety and stress is a psychological factor that affects eyewitness testimony. some(a) researchers have questioned whether attentional focus is a reason that causes poor recall of a flushed incident. Clifford and Scott (1978) as cited in the article Eyewitness Testimony Psychology, found that when individuals witness a preferably baseless incident they seem to remember less than individuals who witness a non-violent incident. They carried out a study whereby they presented a fill with violent attacks to a group of participants.The control group who saw a less violent version of the film remembered more of the forty items about the event than the participants. The control group was not exposed to very stressful conditions as compared to the participants. Although this may have not been a real-life situation, the memory of the participants was affected by anxiety. An incr ease in anxiety and autonomic arousal is caused by violent incidents that in turn have a negative effect on memory. On the other hand, a study carried out by Yullie and Cutshall (1986) (as cited in the article Eyewitness Testimony Psychology) contradicts Clifford and Scotts findings.The research gathered by Yullie and Cutshall was that of a real-life situation hence make their data more accurate. The researchers showed that individuals had accurate memories when they witnessed a stressful event up close. The event was of a snapshot just outside a shot shop in Canada. The scene witnessed was of a criminal who robbed the gun shop off guns and money but eventually was shot six times and died on the spot. back-to-back after this shooting had taken place, the police asked to interview thirteen individuals who were there at the time of the event and had witnessed it.Five months later these same thirteen individuals were interviewed again. It was found that the recall was still as acc urate as it was five months after witnessing the event. The two misleading questions that were presented by the police did not affect their memories or alter their testimony. However, one limitation to this study was that the witnesses interviewed were at different distances from the scene and the ones that were the closest went through a greater level of stress and this in turn may have assisted with their ability to remember the event vividly (Eyewitness Testimony Psychology).Through both the studies carried out about anxiety and memory recall we can say that experiments carried out under laboratory conditions may not give the same results as when it is a real-life situation. Memory recall of a real-life situation is accurate even after a few months and the nettled questions do have as much of an effect as they do in laboratory experiments (e. g Loftus & Palmer, 1974) (Eyewitness Testimony Psychology). The above information gives a re-assurance that eyewitness testimony is not co mpletely unreliable depending on the situation and the witnesss role in the event.There may be some situations where memory distortions take place and other situations where they do not. Whether memory distortion or reconstruction takes place or not depends on the witnesss state of mind at the time of the event. The emotional state of the individual may cloud their reason, judgment and perception therefore it is necessary to be neutral and unprejudiced when witnessing a crime scene. Weapon Focus The study by Yullie and Cutshall (1986) also relates to weapon focus as a psychological factor that affects eyewitness testimony. When weapons are involved the witness is less likely to remember details about the riminal but is more likely to remember the details of the weapon (Eyewitness Testimony Psychology). An experiment conducted by Johnson and Scott (1976) as cited in Loftus et al (56) illustrated this phenomenon. In the no weapon condition participants overheard a round the bend con versation in the next room about an equipment failure, witnessed a confederate enter the room with a grease pen, watched him babble a single line and leave. In the weapon condition the participants overheard a violent conversation along with crashing objects, saw a confederate enter the room with a bloodied letter opener, watched him utter a single line and and then leave.Participants in both condition witnessed the target individual for foursome seconds. It was found that 33% of the participants in the bloody letter opener condition identified the culprit properly and 49% of the participants in the greasy pen condition identified the culprit correctly. A reduced ability to remember the confederate was associated with the presence of a weapon. Jurys should take into account whether or not weapons were involved in the crime. This is because the eyewitness will be less likely to recognize the criminal and an innocent individual may be held guilty.Our attention is usually drawn to the weapon and we ignore what else may be happening in our surroundings. Reconstructive Memory The reliability of eyewitness testimony can yet be argued through reconstructive memory. As mentioned earlier reconstructive memory is another one of the many psychological factors that has an effect on eyewitness testimony. Psychologist Neil Bartlett played a key role in associating reconstructive memory to eyewitness testimony as he stated that recall is orbit to personal edition dependent on our learnt or cultural norms and values.We have already established the fact that the human memory alters according to the way in which we store information in our brain, it is not stored exactly as it seems to be different people interpret a situation differently and therefore store it in a way that makes sense to them. The brain stores information in schemas, but these schemas are able to distort unconsciously unacceptable and unfamiliar knowledge in order to fit in with the already stored infor mation or schemas that we have which n turn results in unreliable eyewitness testimony (Eyewitness Testimony Psychology). Bartletts research about reconstructive memory found that memory is an active process and subject to individual interpretation or construction (Eyewitness Testimony Psychology). War of the Ghosts, (Bartlett (1932) as cited in Eyewitness Testimony Psychology) was his most famous study whereby he tried to show that we attempt to link what we remember with our exist schemas. In other words, our memory is not just an accurate footage of what has happened but it is what we make of it.Bartlett mentioned that we usually involuntarily modify our memories so they make more sense to us. In the study Bartletts participants heard a story and had to re-tell the story to another person. The story was a North American folktale called The War of the Ghosts. When the participants were asked to recount the details of the story, each individual seemed to tell it in their own indiv idual way. As the participants re-told the story, it became shorter, puzzling ideas were rationalized or omitted altogether and details changed to become more conventional or familiar.The information about the ghosts was omitted as it was difficult to explain and participants recurrently recalled the idea of not going because he hadnt told his parents where he was going, as that circumstance was more familiar to them. Through the above study Bartlett was able to conclude that our memory is distorted by the existing knowledge and schemas we have in the human brain. Therefore, it seems that each individual reconstructs their memory to conform to their individual values and attitudes towards the world. This is a clear indication that our memories are anything but reliable.How we view and remember things depends on our ethics, culture, belief and past experiences. Also through reconstructive memory we make hasty generalizations basing information on what we think may have happened due t o the information we already have stored. We shape and assemble the incident according to our stereotypes and expectations. This can further be elaborated through a study by Allport and Postman (1947) as cited in Jarvis & Russell (131), whereby they presented participants with a outline of a scruffy white man threatening a smart black man with a razor.Later when the participants were told to recall the picture they recalled that a scruffy black man was threatening a smart white man with a razor. This fitted in with the American stereotypes of that time the participants reconstructed their memory according to their expectations. We can say that reconstructive memory is yet another reason that makes eyewitness testimony unreliable however, some psychologists do believe that schema theory exaggerates the inaccuracy of memory. It cannot predict what and how people remember, as we do not know which schemas are being used.The study by Allport and Postman also ties down into another way o ur cognitive system introduces error, which is by the office of inference. Inference emphasizes on how humans tend to make assumptions past the literal meaning. Many memory distortions are a part of this inference whereby what the eyewitness says to have witnessed is not what was perceived but a innocent extension of it, hence, leading to an inaccurate recall of the event or incident (Glassman, 440) Flaws of the eyewitness as an individual Confident Testimony Confident testimony is yet another flaw that tends to put innocent people in jail.When the witnesses say with absolute self-reliance that this is the guy that did it I will never forget that face, it is difficult to argue with their beliefs. Confidence is a strong characteristic and although people may make mistakes with their testimony the way in which they give their testimony has a strong outcome on the jury. It becomes difficult to question their evidence and discredit their feelings after knowing that the witness went t hrough a horrible crime curiously when they give their testimony with absolute assurance.Jurors will usually believe them. A major flaw that Elizabeth Loftus points out is that judges do not usually use the help of experts in order to bear out to the jury about the flaws of eyewitness testimony. It would be helpful to have a few cognitive psychologists as part of the jury in order to point out the factors that affect eyewitness testimony however some judges will allow this while others will not. Jurys that are unmindful(predicate) of the flaws of eyewitness testimony will have a larger percentile of wrongful verdicts compared to jurys that are educated about he flaws. Elizabeth Loftus went on to explain that jurys that are oblivious(predicate) of memory distortions will tend to decide their verdict from their gut feeling. Jurys that are ignorant about these flaws rely greatly on the witness and have a propensity to tax write-off the balance that needs to be present between the e yewitness testimony and the physical scientific evidence. Loftus also pointed out that when a witness repeatedly sees the accused they become encrypted in the victims memory, even if they are innocent.The victim may continually see the suspect in photos and line-ups during the duration of the investigation spot and court case. This may make it possible that the witness will then not be able to recognize the true criminal anymore, especially if the crime was witnessed for a short time and the victim was not able to perceive every stimulus in the surrounding. Therefore, when the witness will testify with absolute confidence that the suspect is the actual criminal, it will be difficult for the jury to argue (Miller, 2006). AgePsychological factors unimpeachably play a huge role in eyewitness testimony but the characteristics of the witness also matter. Jurys should also take into account the age and gender of the witness. Certain research has been done in order to identify the accura cy of a baby birds eyewitness testimony it is much less accurate than the adults testimony. This is because children are not able to give concrete answers to the questions that require much explanation. Children have less cognitive competence i. e. their information processing skills for problem solving, language and attention are undeveloped.Psychologists from University of Southampton conducted research to analyze a childs ability to answer repeated questions during a testimony. When a child gives a testimony they are afraid to be incorrect therefore repeated questions are not beneficial when it comes to child eye-witnessing as the questions confuse them and make them think that their original story was not true. The offshoot information provided by the child is always the best. The younger the child is, the less accurate the testimony will be. Children usually give incorrect information due to their need to be socially approved.Karpel et al (2001) as cited in Science Aid carrie d out research associated with age and eyewitness testimony. His aim was to see how reliable eyewitness testimony is in honest-to-goodness people. Young adults (17 25) and older adults (65 85) were shown a video of a theft. They were then asked to recollect what they had seen in the video. The results of both age groups were compared and it was seen that the information provided by the young adults was more precise and their testimony was less likely to change when asked leading questions..In order to ensure that information provided by ancient people is accurate it is advisable not to expose them to misleading questions as their memories are easily distorted. Also, older adults misremember context and therefore must be questioned carefully. As seen, age is another factor that affects eyewitness testimony and its reliability. It is important to know the age of the witness before moving on with the case as psychologists may have a slight idea about how reliable the provided infor mation might be (Science Aid).Gender There has been no concrete evidence as yet that males and females have a epochal difference when identifying a criminal. Research by Shapiro & Penrod (1986) as cited in Wells & Olson (280) found that females are more likely to make accurate identifications but are also more likely to make false identifications, as they are more likely to try and attempt to identify. Due to this males and females capitulate an equal ability to identify criminals and give an eyewitness testimony.However since the male and female brains differ slightly, both genders will pay closer attention to different features of the incident, but the overall ability in eyewitness identification is out of the question to tell apart. CONCLUSION Through research we have found that eyewitness testimony can be quite fallible and that there are a number of factors that seem to interfere with our memories. It is important for jurys to be aware of these factors before placing a verdic t and should not place great reliance on factors such as confidence and vivid descriptions of details. If possible, it is advisable o find other evidence rather than eyewitness testimony. A major limitation of the research investigated is that majority of the studies done in coitus to eyewitness testimony are laboratory studies. This inhibits us to generalize the data collected to the real world. An significance for future research would be to carry out more interviews with individuals who have witnessed acts of crime and violence rather than basing conclusions on laboratory studies. Also, it could be helpful to carry out research regarding a number of factors that affect eyewitness testimony (e. g. study that compares the ability to remember events when the variables are age, gender, weapons and misleading questions). The limitation presented does not change the fact that human memory is a very personal and comparative aspect and therefore cannot be a foundation for any important decisions. It is important to know that memory changes with time and every consecutive attempt to recall the event will be just another skewed interpretation of the event. Eyewitnesses can refute or support the general facts about the case but the details and their testimony should not be put superior to the actual evidence presented in court.Studies have also proven that innocent people have been accused due to eyewitness testimony, this elaborates on the unreliability of it. Our ability to recall an event is affected by the information provided after the event, the level of stress and anxiety we are at during the time of the event also affects it, the presence of weapons also distorts our memory, reconstructive memory is yet another psychological factor that makes eyewitness testimony unreliable, our expectations, age and gender also play a role when giving a testimony.All these factors should be taken into consideration when the evidence provided is eyewitness testimony. The re liability of eyewitness testimony in todays judicial system is very low and should be analyzed in sagacity before reaching conclusions. REFERENCES Engelhardt, L. (n. d. ). The problem with Eyewitness Testimony. Agora. Retrieved Jan. 02, 2010 from http//agora. stanford. edu/sjls/Issue%20One/fisher&tversky. html. Eyewitness Testimony Psychology research. (2007). Psychology Degree and A-level online resources. Retrieved Feb. 2, 2010 from http//www. simplypsychology. pwp . blueyonder. co. uk/eyewitness-testimony. html Glassman, William E. (2000). Approaches to Psychology. Buckingham, England Open UP. Gross, Richard D. (1999). Key Studies in Psychology. London Hodder & Stoughton. Jarvis, M. , & Russell, J. (2002). Key Ideas in Psychology. Cheltenham Nelson Thornes. Loftus, E. F. , Loftus, G. R. , & Messo, J. (1987). Some facts about weapon focus. Law and Human Behaviour. Memory (psychology) MSN Encarta. (n. d. ). Retrieved Sept. 14, 2009 from http//encarta. msn. om/encyclopedia_7615783 03_5/Memory_(psychology). html Miller, Z. (2006, October 14). The Accuracy of Eye Witness Testimony and Its Flaws. Retrieved December 23, 2009, from http//ezinearticles. com/? The-Accuracy-of-Eye-Witness-Testimony-and-Its-Flaws&id=328261 Science aid Eyewitness Testimony. (n. d. ) Science Aid High School, A Level and GCSE Science. Retrieved 13 Dec. 2009 from http//scienceaid. co. uk/psychology/cognition/eyewitness. html Wells, Gary L. , & Olson, Elizabeth A. (2003). Eyewitness Testimony. Ames, Iowa Iowa State University.