Harry Thurston’s “Miracle” Extended Metaphor Sample Essay Example For Students

Harry Thurston’s â€Å"Miracle† Extended Metaphor Sample Essay Harry Thurston’s â€Å"Miracle† is a straightforward and sweet stanza structure. which shows the utilization of a drawn-out allegory. As the talker is in the technique of explaining to his young lady concerning why she ought to non pick the bloom and let it to turn. he in a matter of seconds laments expressing her to end. On the off chance that Thurston intended to figuratively pass on this stanza structure as the developing of his young lady. we can securely assume that the bloom referenced in the second line of the refrain structure that will â€Å"turn into a strawberry† ( 4 ) . speaks to his young lady as a yearling who will in no time transform up into a wonderful juvenile woman. From â€Å"no Oklahoman are the words out than I lament forestalling her pleasure† ( 7-8 ) . we can other than assume that he lamented keeping her dorsum from her ain ponders and finds. his fatherlike characteristic aptitudes to raising and consideration for his young lady wh ile she is as yet youthful could be the reason for this ; it would hold been his way of securing her. It other than recommends that he went to the acknowledgment that he expected to let her to see everything on her ain and permit her develop. â€Å"For what is one blossom less. what's more, hebdomads to a child exorbitantly long to wait† ( 9-10 ) . proposes that there would hold been no injury done if she somehow happened to pick an individual bloom however her youth would hold been in a way hurt from non having the option to satisfy her marvel and obtaining from her ain encounters. He understands that as a parent. he doesn’t request to secure or gain proficiency with her beginning and end since she will at long last larn on her ain. I feel as though this refrain structure is a suggestion to us that life is it could be said a â€Å"miracle† ( 15 ) . It is hard to accept that something so minimal, for example, a bloom can transform into something so unique, for example, a sweet strawberry or a yearling transforming up into something new, for example, an adult unti l we see it go on.

United Nations Conventions on Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Joined Nations Conventions on Contract - Essay Example In the main case viable, SamCo and DeanCo give off an impression of being the gatherings to the agreement, where an arrangement in regard of purchasing and selling five dim blue hoods was to be executed. So also, the subsequent case searches for offering legitimate guidance to the above-portrayed Swedish organization SamCo in regard of its arrangement with the Brazilian affiliate organization CastielCo. Nonetheless, before setting out upon the subject viable, and furnishing them with a recommendation in the light of the Vienna Convention on and International Sale of Goods Contracts, it is prudent to clarify the terms that make obligations and liabilities to the gatherings to the agreement, so as to investigate whether any agreement hosts been gone into between the gatherings, could tie them to execute some particular exhibition, which is as following: The 1980 Vienna Convention1 furnishes the gatherings to the agreement with a total and wide-extending system while going into a lawful connection between each other during outside exchanges and undertakings. The fundamental goal behind the Vienna Convention incorporates the insurance of the rights and benefits of the people from one perspective and authorization of the guarantees and understandings the people and gatherings have entered into2 at the universal scale on the other. ... nce, double dealing and misrepresentation.3 moreover, 1980 Vienna Convention likewise ensures the privileges of the individuals who have either not gone into any agreement with the people and associations outside their nations, yet are erroneously professed to have gone into the equivalent. Subsequently, 1980 Vienna Convention likewise embraces the rules of Contract Law, which have characterized and decided a few conditions, satisfaction of which is intensely fundamental for a legitimate agreement. â€Å"An agreement†, as per segment 2 (h) of the English Contract, â€Å"creating commitments to the gatherings, and enforceable at law is a contract†4 Young (2010) has characterized contract in these words: â€Å"A contract is an understanding (for the most part between two people) offering ascend to commitments with respect to the two people which are implemented or perceived by law†.5 Consequently, implicit agreements don't make legitimate authorization because of t he very truth that there is no goal of any lawful cures against non-satisfaction of the equivalent. The equivalent is likewise applied to the worldwide agreements, all of which plan to make legitimate obligations on the gatherings to the agreement. Vienna Convention, as per its resolutions, applies to agreements of offer of merchandise between parties whose spots of business are in various States.6 In request to grasp with the components of a worldwide agreement, it is fundamental to investigate the nuts and bolts of an understanding. As indicated by English Contract Law, â€Å"Every understanding is an agreement on the off chance that it is made by the free assent of the gatherings, capable to contract for a legal thought and with a legitimate item, and not thus explicitly pronounced to be void.†7 as it were, a substantial agreement keeps up the accompanying components in it; achievement of every one of them is fundamental for making it an

Some Admissions FAQs to keep you company this Election Day COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Some Admissions FAQs to keep you company this Election Day COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Office of Admissions Financial Aid is closed today for a university-wide holiday Election Day. Well reopen during normal business hours on Wednesday, Nov. 9, 2016. In the interim, I know youve got questions; especially if youve applied to the Spring 2017. So see below some of the common questions (with answers) weve gotten in the last week. When will Spring 2017 admissions decisions be released? Keep an eye on your inbox as decisions will go out in the next 2-3  weeks. If admitted, how long will I have to make my decision?  Refer to the details in your admission letter, but typically for spring its a tight turnaround and most applicants are given two weeks. If Im not admitted, can I reapply?  Of course! I just wouldnt recommend reapplying for Fall 2017 admission. Basically, youre only giving yourself 3-4  months between applications, and Im looking to see how youve enhanced your candidacy since your last application. In the eyes of the Admissions Committee its tough to make a compelling case in only a couple of months, so take a full year, year-and-a-half, or longer to strengthen your application and gain greater focus on what you exactly want to do. (And reference your admissions decision letter and the Evaluation Criteria page for details on what we look for in a strong candidate.) How can I stay involved with SIPA before I start the program (if admitted or Im applying to Fall 2017)? Great question! First, dont unsubscribe  to our emails because when you do you unsubscribe from EVERYTHING emailed by the Admissions Office, join us for the kick-off Diversity Spotlight Series event on Nov. 14, and browse SIPAs Calendar of Events for more upcoming events. Im also hosting a series of Facebook Live sessions with our concentration directors, so check the Recruitment Calendar frequently as the list will be updated throughout the winter. Im applying to Fall 2017 and Im new to the Admissions Blog. Help!  How to access (and prepare for) the admissions video essay and Tips for Spring 2017 applicants  should help get you on your feet. (Yes, even if youre applying to Fall, read the Spring blog post!) Well, thats all Ive got for now. Enjoy your Tuesday, and until next time. ??

Christian and Pagan Virtues Displayed in Beowulf Essay

Many times in literature authors blend two dissimilar traditions and virtues in order to make up a persons true identity. In the epic poem Beowulf, the Christian allegory is woven with a pagan fable in order to truly represent the characters. The Christian and pagan virtues are successfully synchronized and amalgamate the story as a whole which is displayed by the two main characters, Beowulf and Grendel, through their personal traits. Many Christian elements and values create the disposition of Beowulf. The author of Beowulf creates a character who seen as a Christ- like figure in that he possesses the Christian value of self-sacrifice and assists in the fight against evil. Beowulf is willing to die and defend his people, in this case†¦show more content†¦The entire scene of the battle with Grendel’s mother runs parallel with Christ’s life. The pond that surrounds Grendel’s mothers murky house represents evil. Beowulf knows he is faced battling evil, is prepared for death, and forgives all his enemies. The submission into the murky pond distils Beowulf as he overcomes the evil of Grendel’s mother. He submerges from the water, just like Christ ascended into heaven. As Beowulf immerses from the battle with Grendel’s mother, he credits Christ again saying, â€Å"I’d have been dead at once,/And the fight finished, the she-devil victorious,/ If our Father in Heaven ha d not helped me† (310-312). As a final point, just as Christ had one last battle, so did Beowulf. The battle with the fire-breathing dragon was Beowulf’s last battle in which he came out with a victory, in that he defeated evil. Beowulf fought long and hard in his last battle with evil. Even though both Beowulf and Christ ultimately pass away in their final battles, they both were able to conquer evil. At the end of the battle he declared to Hrothgar, â€Å"If God had not helped me, the outcome would have been quick and fatal.† In pointing out his successes and accomplishments to God’s help, Beowulf demonstrates how he accredits Christian beliefs. In addition to Christian virtues Beowulf exemplifies many pagan virtues. The pagan elements of the character of BeowulfShow MoreRelatedBeowulf as Christian Propaganda1318 Words   |  6 Pagesliterary work of Beowulf is believed, by many, to contain numerous attributes of Christian propaganda. Throughout the story of Beowulf, there are several circumstances and coincidences that distinctly relate to the Christian belief system. One can only imagine that these ideas of Christian propaganda; which include the use of Christian themes and beliefs in works of literary art, were strategically placed throughout the story of Beowulf to help the conversion from the old world pagan religious beliefRead MorePaganism In Beowulf1683 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the epic poem Beowulf is the continuous, underlying theme of good versus evil – the shift from paganism to Christianity. Although this epic consists of the battle between the hero, Beowulf, and the monster, Grendel (and Grendelâ⠂¬â„¢s mother, as well), the main overture of the story is that of the new Christian belief triumphing over evil and the old pagan beliefs. This value is but one of many that contrast the pagan and Christian principles in Anglo-Saxon and in Beowulf. The blending and cultivationRead More Swift Essay648 Words   |  3 Pages Swift was a neoclassical writer who wrote to enlighten people. He wanted people to look at the world that exits beyond them selves and discover virtue. Through his work Gulliver’s Travels Jonathan Swift demonstrates to the reader the importance of virtue. I this story the main character am Gulliver; a world traveler who takes a journey to different lands. Each place that Gulliver lands has different ideals that are the foundation of their society. Their views on life are completely new to GulliverRead More Beowulf Society Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pages Beowulf Society The earliest known manuscript of Beowulf is thought to have been written in the tenth century, however, the poem had most likely been told as an oral tradition for centuries before that. In fact, the poem’s events date back to the sixth century. However, because there is only one manuscript of Beowulf still in tact very little is known about the poem or its author. The poem does, however, give us great insight into the culture of the people who composed and told this epic tale.Read MoreBeowulf Society1744 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf Society The earliest known manuscript of Beowulf is thought to have been written in the tenth century, however, the poem had most likely been told as an oral tradition for centuries before that. In fact, the poems events date back to the sixth century. However, because there is only one manuscript of Beowulf still in tact very little is known about the poem or its author. The poem does, however, give us great insight into the cult ure of the people who composed and told this epic tale. BecauseRead MoreBeowulf And The Anglo Saxon Values Heroism1154 Words   |  5 Pageswhen in danger, helping those in need, and being the first one to step up and help, In the read Beowulf, he does just that. â€Å"A hero is an ordinary individual who finds the strength to persevere and endure in spite of overwhelming obstacles† This quote is perfect in relation to Beowulf and the Anglo-Saxon beliefs. Heroism is displayed in many ways, It is showed all throughout the articles as well. Beowulf displays and greatly achieves one of the Anglo-Saxon values heroism through strength and greatnessRead More An Analysis Of British Literature Essay2728 Words   |  11 Pagesin their works. Throughout the chronology of British literature, artists have used societys views as a basis to examine the afterlife, and look at it in new ways. The afterlife has been a theme in British Literature from the Anglo-Saxon period of Beowulf to the twentieth century writings of Dylan Thomas. The mysteriousness of the afterlife makes it a topic which artists will always be eager to analyze. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the Anglo-Saxon Period which lasted from 449 AD to 1066 AD

Why Does America Have An Obesity Problem - 1600 Words

Why does America have an obesity problem? Do we blame it on ourselves, the government, or the supermarket? It is obviously and individual’s responsibility to keep one’s self healthy, but are there ways the government can strive for an overall healthier diet for Americans? Can we change the manipulative ways of Super Markets and persuade them to look past profit? The American government should put in effort to provide a better dietary path for American citizens by working on motivating individuals to make better choices in their diet, pushing Super markets and industries to work together to lower prices of healthier foods, and placing policies and banning unhealthy ingredients in junk foods. It may not be the governments fault, but obesity is such a big issue in American culture that we need to make some major changes and the government is the only one who can make that happen. The government is not responsible for the consequences of poor dietary choices made by individuals. The government is how ever needed to change the way we see health care. In America we have been taking on the burden of others issues unwillingly through the healthcare system. The article What You Eat Is Your Business by Radley Balko explains how premiums on healthcare due to â€Å"Your heart attack drives up the cost of [other’s]†. When others are paying for your personal health issues, it makes it easier to not â€Å"put down the cheese burger†. Other than motivation from the government we as individualsShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Big Problem1318 Words   |  6 PagesParents do not have the time to cook for their children, not even the money to hire a maid. The only way to feed their children is going to eat at restaurants, mostly where the food is not as expensive and is done fast. â€Å"Obesity contributes to the number-one cause of death in our n ation: heart disease† (Carmona, 2003). Heart disease, the number one cause of childhood obesity in America. Parents do not realize the risks their children are being placed in. Healthy food would decrease that risk, butRead MoreFast Food in America1664 Words   |  7 PagesFood in America People today have a need for speed. Everything has to be more convenient, and bigger. Humans are the super-sized rulers of the world, and people need it as fast as possible. This lifestyle has consequences; if one does not start taking charge, and fight these big corporations right now these mistakes will be too far reaching and irreversible. Because fast food is convenient, inexpensive, and is a cultural habit, people must stop eating it since it has increased health problems, hasRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An Epidemic Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is an epidemic in America. Many experts like doctors and dietitians have narrowed the epidemic to a few causes some being lack of exercise, genetics, and food insecurity. Exercise and genetics could lead to obesity in the way that you need exercise to burn fat and some people are genetically more inclined to store more fat. Obesity is having excessive amount of fat that could lead to other health problem which is sca ry to think that childhood obesity is something that is on theRead MoreObesity : The Struggle That Americans Face Today1070 Words   |  5 PagesVictor Herrera Whitney Nelson English 2010-045 31 October 2014 Why Are Americans Bigger? I write this proposal on obesity as it relates to the struggle that Americans face today. As a young child growing up, I had a struggle with being bigger. I was on the verge of becoming obese in the ninth grade. Weighing in at 260 lbs, with common health issue that I may be diagnosed with, I knew I must range my life for the better. Obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure runs in my family, so it is not aRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity859 Words   |  4 Pagesastronomically. Because of the obesity rate in America, the country became the top fattest nation in the entire world. Because of the high obesity rate in America, many organizations created statistical websites to inform the public of the amount of overweight people in the country. Many clinical websites were established by doctors to inform people about the risk factors of obesity and how to treat obesity. There are many reasons why Americans are overweight, but the main reasons why Americans are so obeseRead MoreI n The Last Twenty-Five Years, America Has Embraced A Lifestyle1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn the last twenty-five years, America has embraced a lifestyle that has discounted exercise and home cooked meals for sedentary lifestyles, and food that is readily available. As a result of this trend, America is seeing an increase in BMI of its population as a whole. This includes expanding waste lines, higher fat content, and higher risk for many preventable health issues that includes Type II Diabetes, high blood pressure, heart diseases, liver failure, kidney disease, stroke, cancers, and aRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1554 Words   |  7 Pages2016 Obesity in America What is obesity? Obesity simply means to be overweight. There are 4 classifications of weight; underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obese. Doctors classify the different types of weight by Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI measures body fat based on height and weight. Many people think that they are not overweight. But America has a very high percentage of obese people. America is the number one leading country of obesity. There are more obese children in America thanRead MoreWho Can We Blame?1392 Words   |  6 Pages Who s to Blame? Have you been a victim of the so called â€Å" fast food obesity outbreak†? You re not the only one. In today s society this so called â€Å"fast food induced obesity† is a huge controversy concerning many countries today in time. The common culprits of the obesity issue is fast food, school lunch, and unhealthy food people consume at home. Who can we trust? Well many people believe that the consumer should not be responsible for their actions when it comes to consuming fast food,Read MoreChildhood Obesity663 Words   |  3 PagesChildhood Obesity ENG 202 English Composition II Joan Martell Smith 7/3/2011 I. Introduction A. Thesis Statement Obesity can happen to anyone for many reasons and it can be reversed many different ways. There are several causes for obesity in America, including fast- food restaurants and their marketing, hereditary obesity, and people reacting to the stereotypes in the media that you must be beautiful to be accepted. Read MoreThe First Racial Issues Of America787 Words   |  4 PagesWhat I would like to investigate about the course theme of â€Å"America† two major issues I will consider. The first racial issues second obesity. We all know the issues when it comes to these two topics especially here in America. The biggest part about racial is the class inequalities and the injustice that is going on today. Not only with black people also immigrants, until we don’t apply what Martin Luther King said in his speech at the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963 he said, â€Å"When we let freedom

Top Research Paper Proposal Secrets

Top Research Paper Proposal Secrets The Demise of Research Paper Proposal You require a business plan for two principal factors. A well-organized paper enlarges the chances to accomplish the set targets. As soon as you decide on a deadline, the whole procedure of crafting custom content is organized in such a way as to make sure you get your order in time. The students may call us at any moment they ask and want about our expert services. The Little-Known Secrets to Research Paper Proposal There certainly are a selection of intermediate steps an area of the procedure of writing an efficient research proposal. You also need to elaborate on the true need of the specific research and the way you can establish its grounds within the time-frame. The research proposal is you method for demonstrating that you own a notion that's of worth and can contribute essential info to the specific area of your selection. The process for research begins with the option of an interest which is acceptable for the course or purpose. Finding the Best Research Paper Proposal As you will begin your research as you are waiting for your paper to be approved, it's ill advised to begin your full on draft till you know for sure your paper will be approved. You won't have to work on it until you complete the paper, and you probably won't need to include it at all if the last work is small, and there's barely anything you may summarize. Although, a research paper can fluctuate in the quantity of pages required to complete it. It is the most essential type of scholastic paper that an understudy is relied upon to compose. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Research Paper Proposal Read a good deal and you'll discover things relatively simpler. You must look at all the feasible ideas you could come up with when getting a top quality paper ready. If you are attempting to work through the practice of writing the paper proposal having the most professional procedure, then you 're going to get to adhere to a few guidelines. Brainstorming with your buddies and anyone you know around it is possible to be of useful intellectual aid in as far as getting you the paper you would like is concerned. When it is hot, it won't be tough to persuade committee that the problem ought to be explored more deeply. Generally, it is a great concept to order as early as possible. The simplest approach to comprehend the proposal may be to find the example below. If you have finished the stage of topic proposal, it's useful and also useful step for you. The Fundamentals of Research Paper Proposal Revealed When it has to do with the true proposal, it's useful if you use subheadings to divide your content. The following are a few of the kinds of proposal templates that are offered for download in a variety of formats. 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Diamond Essay Example For Students

Diamond Essay The unique nature of diamond is heavily dependent upon its composition, crystalstructure, and mechanical, thermal, and electromagnetic properties.1 Of thosedependencies, composition exacts the most influence over the characteristics. Crystal structure is the repeating pattern of diamonds composition, and eachof the properties are the result of molecular interaction which is determined bycomposition. Therefore, composition is paramount in the determination of thequalities of diamond. Before its discovery, adamantane was known as decaterpene,the name applied by Decker to his tricyclic hydrocarbon. Decker believed thathis decaterpene was similar in structure as the diamond lattice. Decaterpene, asin diamond, was proposed by Decker to be highly structured and strain free.2Decker proposed decaterpene in 1924, but that was all it was until 1933 when thestructure was proven to exist. Isolated in the petroleum of Hodinin,Czechoslovakia by Landa and Machachaeck, decaterpene became incarnate.3 However,the fact that they found the structure Decker predicted did not mean that hisnomenclature would be used to identify the compound. That honor was bestowedupon its discoverers Landa and Machcahcaeck who used the Greek translati on ofdiamond, adamantane, to identify the compound.2 Crude petroleum is separatedinto its component compounds by fractional distillation. The procedure involvesa sample of the petroleum to be heated until the sample is vaporized leavingbehind any solid impurities. The resulting steam enters a fractionaldistillation column in which a temperature gradient had been instilled. Thetemperature of the column decreases as the steam rises through the column. Theidea is that, as the temperature of the column decreases, the vapor temperaturewill decrease. When the boiling point of a compound is passed, the compound willcondense on the sides of the column and be collected in the fraction well atthat point. Thus the mixture is separated into fractions of compounds withsimilar boiling points in a mixture.4 Adamantanes high boiling point causedit to be one of the initial compounds to condense with the kerosene fraction inthe 190o C cut.5 The only problem with the fractional distillation method ist hat adamantane cannot be extracted in large quantities because it exists inonly a small quantity in petrol. The presence of adamantane was found to be only0.0004% of the composition of petroleum by the fractional distillation method.2Adamantane is not alone in the petroleum distillate in which it is present. We will write a custom essay on Diamond specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Alkylated adamantane derivatives also show up in adamantane containingdistillate. (II, III, IV) The output of adamantane is capable of being increasedif the thiourea adduct method is employed on the petroleum. Landa and Hale wereable to isolate complexes of adamantane from crude petroleum that had bonded tothiourea.5 Now that the natural product has been discovered, the next logicalstep would be to formulate the natural process in which the compound was made. As of 1964, the natural method that creates the adamantane compound had not beenfound. The natural process that was attempted was to bombard adamantane-freepetroleum with catalysts in an attempt to initiate the formation of adamantane. The resulting mixture was fractioned and analyzed to see if any extra adamantanewas created. In most cases, the catalyst failed to produce any adamantane. However, many of the catalysts produced derivatives that had the ring structurebut with extra components attached.5 The only catalyst shown to make asignificant amount was AlCl3, but not enough was created for the catalyst to beconsidered for mass production of adamantane. Catalysts that failed were:oil-bearing stone from Hodin with and without HF, aluminum silicate, aluminumoxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, zinc chloride, iron(III) chloride, tin(IV)chloride, antimony(V) chloride.5 It is believed that the reason many of thecatalysts did not work, even though they are present in natural petroleum, isthat the conditions that they were subjected to were experimental in nature. Thecreation of adamantane is thought to be a biogenesis of petroleum under a set ofconditions that is not able to be recreated in the lab.2 With the naturalmechanism a mystery, a synthetic method to create the compound was sought afterto allow the study of adamantane to proceed. After all, with Landa in completec ontrol of the slim supply of adamantane, the cost of adamantane skyrocketed.6Two methods were investigated to be able to create the natural adamantanestructure: ring closure and isomerization. Before adamantane was known to theworld, the starting material commonly used to synthesize adamantane and itsderivatives through ring closure was being developed. In 1922, Meerwein wasinvestigating a way to remove the bridgehead carboxymethoxy group of ringcompounds, and reseal the ring structure with diiodomethane(V) and sodium. Hisexperiments failed because the malonic ester(VI) which he created forced thereactant groups too far apart for the recycling to occur.3,4 Despite hisfailures, Meerwein was able to inspire other advancements of his researchthrough the malonic ester which came to bear his name as Meerweins ester.7This became the common starting point for the search for the path to cyclicadamantane. Bottger was the first to make great strides in the adamantanesynthesis research followi ng Meerweins lead. Starting with Meerweins esterBottger was able to bring the ring together to create a cyclic product.6 Theproduct was of the tricyclo- decane ring system of which adamantaneis a constituent, but Bottgers product still had external functional groupsaround the ring instead of the only hydrogen around adamantane.5 As a result,what Bottger had synthesized was not adamantane, but a derivative of it. Thefirst synthesis of true adamantane did not occur until 1937 when Prelog andSeiworth were able to advance the work of Bottger, and decarboxylize the ringstructure leaving behind only the basic ring.6 Adamantane was their finalproduct, but that product still was not produced in large quantities. The systemused by Prelog and Seiworth yielded an output of adamantane at 0.16% of thematerials going into it.7 As often occurs in science, the advancements made byPrelog and Seiworth were furthered by the research of others. Landa reenteredthe adamantane research realm with Stetter. Together, they were able to improvethe efficiency of Prelog and Seiworths overall synthesis. Decarboxylationyield was increased by the addition of the Heinsdecker pathway (11%), and theHoffman reaction (24%). Even with the advancements, synthesis of adamantane byring closure was never able to yield an output over 6.5% of the reactants.5Nevertheless, the process developed by Bottger remained an efficient method forthe synthesis of derivatives. This left research of adamantane to be inferredthrough the experimentation of adamantanes derivatives since its synthesiswas not economical. This was true until 1957 when Paul von R. Schleyeraccidentally synthesized adamantane. Schleyer was working on the inversion ofreversible endo-exo isomerization of tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene.3 During hisexperimentation, he noticed that the reaction had a side product of a whitecrystalline compound. The compound was set aside and investigated later. Themysterious compound was found to have a melting point that matched theexperimental adamantane melting point. Other adamantane-like characteristicslater solidified his compound as a match. Schleyers discovery of anisomerization method of adamantane synthesis rocked the scientific community, asit provided a more efficient method for adamantane production. Schleyer was ableto increase the output of his adamantane synthesis to a 30% and 40% yield byexposing the tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene to an AlCl3-HCl mixture under 40 atms. .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 , .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .postImageUrl , .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 , .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:hover , .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:visited , .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:active { border:0!important; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:active , .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Vegetarian Diet Essayof pressure of hydrogen and HF-BF3 catalyst respectively.7 When Schleyer focusedhis procedure on the retrieval of adamantane, he found that the synthesis wasbountiful with the starting reactant dicyclopentadiene which is a commoncompound.3 Research into the enigmatic compound could then proceeded full forcefrom this point on to examine the compound to its every minute detail. What theyfound confirmed their previous assertions that adamantane was unlike anycarbohydrate known to man. That carbohydrate was found to be a three fusedchairs of cyclohexane rings bound only to hydrogen atoms. The crystallizedstructure of adamantane was studied in depth by X-ra y diffraction. An X-raydiffraction pattern is created through the interaction of photons emitted froman excited metal atom with the crystal form of a compound. The photon eithermisses the crystal atoms or is deflected by the atom. Most photons miss theatoms, but those deflected do so in a regular pattern because of the repetitiousnature of crystals. That pattern may be recorded through the use of a strip ofphotographic film or a two-dimensional array detector to provide a hard copy ofthe deflection pattern.8 Thus the crystalline lattice type, distance betweenatoms, and number of atoms per unit cell may be found by analysis of thediffraction pattern. The crystal orientation is a face centered cubic latticethat was completely separate from all known carbohydrate crystal orientation.6Face centered cubic means that there are atoms centered at the faces of the cubeas well as at the corners. Adamantane was derived to have a tetragonal spacegroup with four molecules per unit cell, and the vector quantities a = 6.60A andc = 8.81A.7 The carbon bond lengths and angles were stereotypically sound asthey were measured to be 1.54 _ 0.01A and 109.5 _ 1.5o respectively.6 This datashowed proof that adamantane was a stable compound, but how stable they did notknow until the physical qualities were determined. The melting point wasdetermined by sealed tube, and was found to be 269oC which is the melting pointfor adamantane exposed to the atmosphere as well as the highest melting pointfor a carbohydrate.9 It is unusual for such an occurrence, but adamantane has noend to its surprises. The exact boiling point of adamantane is impossible to bedetermined for it is incapable of being reached except by mixture with othercarbohydrates at which time the boiling point is 190oC. It is this property thatallowed adamantane to be discovered by fractionalization.6 The enigmatic natureof adamantane is reinforced by the fact that it has such a high melting andboiling point, yet it remains true that adamantane will sublime at roomtemperature and atmospheric pressure. Now that adamantanes crysatllinestructure is known along with the physical properties, what remains is fortechnology to fill in the blanks as far as molecular interactions of thecompound. Adamantane was subjected to NMR and IR(Fig 1,2) Each test producedresults that were unique for any carbohydrate upon which the same conditionswere exerted.5 The most probable reason for such unique results is thesymmetrical nature of adamantane. In fact, adamantane has a symmetry number oftwelve which is unheard of in a carbohydrate. This means that throughout thestructure there exists a combination of planes and axes about which adamantaneis symmetrical or identical that totals twelve. Many compounds, organic andinorganic, are symmetrical in one or two dimensions, but few are symmetrical inthree dimensions as adamantane is. NMR uses the magnetic nature of atom nucleito its advantage. By surrounding a compound in a magnetic f ield, the nucleibecome vulnerable to excitation by radiation in the radiofrequency range. Theradiofrequency that the nuclei absorb is dependent upon the environment thenuclei are exposed to as far as the neighboring nuclei and those the nuclei arebonded to.10 In this case, a proton NMR showed adamantane as only a sharpdoublet with a spacing of 0.95 ppm.(Fig 1) The symmetry of adamantane isperfectly supported by these NMR results because only a doublet means that allof the protons are identical in nature. This shows that each proton in thestructure of adamantane is sharing each of the electrons equally creating astrong dependence of resonance by all protons.6 The singularity in the NMRresult becomes an important diagnostic tool for determination of the purity ofan adamantane perspective. Any substitution anywhere on the ring would unbalanceresonance of the compound that would be picked up by the NMR in the form ofanother series of peaks indicating an adamantane derivative as long as thedoublet remains present. IR results are much the same as those of NMR in thatadamantane itself gives a clear result while any impurity clouds those results. .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 , .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .postImageUrl , .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 , .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:hover , .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:visited , .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:active { border:0!important; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:active , .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Kill a Mockingbird: The Influences Parents have EssaySpecifically, adamantane gives a major doublet in the region of 2926 cm-1 with a0.8983 transmittance, and other peaks shown on Figure 2. This means that aroundthe adamantane compound exists methyl groups that are similar in nature andsurrounding environment. Consequently, all bonds absorb the same wavelengthsthat suggests identical motion of each of the bonds whether that be stretching,scissoring, or other. Any variance in a functional group would result in theabsorbance wavelength to change. Therefore, an increase in the number of peaksand a decrease in intensity of the existing peaks would occur because the changein bonding pattern would limit or expand the possible motions of the bonds. Eachbond-motion type absorbs a different wavelength in the IR, so any change in thetypes changes the absorbances. IR translates the amount transmitted perwavelength to an electrical signal that is interpreted through fourier transformto an IR spectrogram.10 Absorbance is the inverse of transmittance, so anychange in absorbance changes the transmittance and the ending spectrogramvalues. Since adamantane is so symmetrical and stable, it becomes the perfectbasis for many studies and research. In fact the universality of adamantane isso great that it is capable of being used for: structure reactivityrelationships, development of empirical force field methods, orientationdisorder probe model, and structure basis for drugs.5 The possibilities areendless for adamantane and its uses simply because of its simplicity in natureand structure allow for a structure that is one of the most unique and strong innature. Bibliography1. M. Shen, H.F. Schaeffer III, C. Liang, J. Lii, N.L. Allinger, and P.v.R. Schleyer. J. Am. Chem., 114, 497 (1992) 2. B. J. Mair, M. Shainenger, N.C. Krouskov, and F.D. Rossini, Anal. Chem., 31, 2082 (1959) 3. P. von RagueSchleyer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 3292 (1957) 4. R.M. Roberts, J.C. Gilbert, S.F. Martin. Experimental Organic Chemistry. Harcourt Brace College Publishers:Philadelphia, PA. 1994. 5. M. A. McKervey, Tetrahedron, 36, 971 (1980) 6. R. C. Fort, and P. von Rogue Schleyer, Chem. Rev., 64, 277 (1964) 7. S. Coffey, ed. Rodds Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. Vol 2. Part C. Elsevier Publishing Co.:New York. 1969. 8. D.A. McQuarrie, J.D. Simon. Phhysical Chemistry: A MolecularApproach. University Science Books: Sausalito, CA. 1997. 9. Adamantane.Dictionary of Organic Compounds. Vol 1. 5th ed., Buckingham, J. ed. Chapman andHall: New York. 1982. 10. Ege, Seyhan. Organic Chemistry: Structure andReactivity. 3rd ed. D.C. Heath and Co.: Lexington, MA. 1994.